Donkeys and Foals

† II. חֲמוֹר n.m. Gn 45:23 (he)-ass (NH id. (sometimes female, but this regularly חֲמוֹרָה); Aramaic חֲמָרָא, ܚܡܳܪܳܐ; Arabic حِمَارٌ, Palm. חמרא ReckendorfZMG 1888, 404; Assyrian imêru, SchrCOT Gloss.;—name from reddish colour)—abs. חֲמוֹר Gn 22:5 + 43 times; חֲמֹר Ex 13:13 Dt 22:10; cstr. חֲמוֹר Ex 23:5 + 4 times; חֲמֹר Gn 49:14; sf. חֲמֹרְךָ Dt 5:14; 28:31; חֲמֹרֶ֑ךָ Ex 23:12; חֲמֹרוֹ Gn 22:3 + 8 times; pl. חֲמוֹרִים Ju 19:10 + 9 times; חֲמֹרִים Gn 12:16 + 16 times; sf. חֲמוֹרֵינוּ Ju 19:19; חֲמֹרֵינוּ Gn 43:18; חֲמוֹרֵיכֶם 1 S 8:16; חֲמֹרֵיהֶם Gn 34:28 + 4 times; חֲמוֹרֵיהֶם Jos 9:4;—ass (he-ass; אתון = she-ass) found in all periods (coll. only Gn 32:6 Is 21:7);— 1. as (valuable) property, with oxen, sheep, camels, slaves, etc. Gn 12:16; 24:35; 30:43; 47:17 Ex 9:3 (all J) Ex 20:17 (E), 21:23; 22:3, 8, 9; 23:4, 5, 12; Nu 16:15; Jos 6:21; 7:24 (all JE); note also Ex 13:13 = 34:20 (JE; firstlings belongs to י׳); Gn 36:24; Nu 31:28, 30, 34, 39, 45 (all P); Dt 5:14, 18; 22:3, 4; 28:31; Ju 6:4; 1 S 8:16; 12:3; 15:3; 22:19; 27:9; 1 Ch 5:21 Ezr 2:67 = Ne 7:68 (Baer), Zc 14:15; coll. Gn 32:5 (J; ‖ שׁוֹר, צֹאן, עֶבֶד, שִׁפְחָה), but pl. (similar ‖) Gn 34:28 (P), 47:17 (J); cf. also ח׳ יְתוֹמִים 24:3 the orphans’ ass (‖ שׁוֹר אַלְמָנָה); as knowing its master’s crib Is 1:3 (‖ שׁוֹר); found in camp 2 K 7:7, 10 (both ‖ סוּסִים); as harnessed מֶתֶג לַח׳ Pr 26:3 (‖ סוּם). 2. used for riding: a. by women Ex 4:20 (J), Jos 15:18 (JE) = Ju 1:14; 1 S 25:20, 23, 42, cf. 2 Ch 28:15. b. by men 2 S 16:2; 17:23; 19:27; 1 K 2:40; 13:13(×2), 23, 24, 27, 28(×2) Is 21:7; Zc 9:9. c. צֶמֶד חמורים a pair of asses 2 S 16:1 (for burdens and for riding); for man and woman Ju 19:3, 10, 19, 21; carrying dead body v 28, cf. ח׳ 1 K 13:29. 3. beast of burden Gn 22:3, 5 (cf. v 6), 42:26, 27; 45:23 (all E) 43:18, 24; 44:3, 13 (all J), Jos 9:4 (JE), 1 S 25:18; 1 Ch 12:41; Ne 13:15 (cf. also צֶמֶד ח׳ 2 S 16:1 supr.); metaph. of Issachar ח׳ גָּ֑רֶם Gn 49:14 (poem), an ass of (strong) bones.—ח׳ לֶחֶם 1 S 16:20 read prob. חֲמִשָּׁה five, or better עֲשָׂרָה ten, v. We Dr. 4. used in tillage Is 32:20; not to be used in ploughing with an ox (שׁוֹר) Dt 22:10. 5. parts of body of ass mentioned are: לְחִי ח׳ Ju 15:15, 16 jawbone, Samson’s weapon; רֹאשׁ ח׳ 2 K 6:25 eaten in famine; בְּשַׂר ח׳ Ez 23:20 genital organ of ass (contempt. sim.) 6. קְבוּרַת ח׳ Je 22:19 burial of an ass, in fig. of ignominious treatment of a corpse. Also she-ass 2 S 19:27 (cf. Mishn. AZ. vi).

† גָּמָל n.m. Gn 24:10 + 9 times, f. & m. Gn 32:16 (cf. infr.), camel (NH id. Arabic جَمَلٌ (جَمْلٌ), Ethiopic ገመል Assyrian gammalu COTGloss Aramaic גַּמְלָא, ܓܰܡܠܴܐ; Palm. Tariff pl. גמלין ReckendorfZMG 1888, 401; √גמל but meaning of √ dub.; BoHieroz i. 73 der. from גמל requite, so LagBN 20, 49 (camel as μνησίκακος); v. also conject. in MV, Dl in HptF 70 HptBAS i 171; A. v. KremerSemit. Culturentlehn., 2 HomNS 144 ff.)—abs. גָּמָל Gn 24:64 + 7 times; pl. גְּמַלְּים Gn 12:16 + 30 times; cstr. גְּמַלֵּי Gn 24:10; sf. גְּמַלֶּיךָ Gn 24:14 + 3 times; גְּמַלָּיו Gn 24:20; גְּמַלֵּיהֶם Gn 37:25 + 6 times;—camel, 1. as property (in Hex only J) Gn 12:16 (‖ אתנות) 24:10, 35 (‖ חמורים etc.) 30:43 (‖ id.) 32:8 (‖ צאן, בקר) Ex 9:3 (Egyptian ‖ סוסים, חמורים, בקר, צאן, etc.) Ju 6:5; 7:12 1 S 15:3 (‖ חמור etc.) 27:9 1 Ch 5:21; 27:30 (all ‖ id.) 2 Ch 14:14 (‖ צאן) Ezr 2:67 (‖ סוסים, פרדים, חמורים) = Ne 7:68 Jb 1:3 (‖ צאן, בקר, אתנות) cf. v 17 42:12 (‖ id.) Je 49:29 (‖ צאן) v 32 Zc 14:15 (‖ סוס, חמור, פרד) [4 times ‖ סוס and other words, Ex 9:3 (Egyptians), Zc 14:15 (enemies of Israel), Ezr 2:67 = Ne 7:68 (returned exiles)]. 2. as beasts of burden Gn 24:10 cf. v 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 30, 31, 32(×2), 44, 46(×2) 37:25 (all J), 1 K 10:2 2 K 8:9 1 Ch 12:41 2 Ch 9:1 Is 30:6 (עַל־דַּבֶּשֶׁת ג׳), Is 60:6 (‖ בִּכְרֵי מִדְיָן). 3. for riding Gn 24:61, 63, 64 (all J), 31:17, 34 (both E) 1 S 30:17, cf. also Ju 8:21, 26, and particularly Is 21:7 רֶכֶב גמל; a riding-company of camels i.e. a troop of camels with riders; נְוֵה גמלים an abode for camels, in prediction against Ammon Ez 25:5, (‖ מִרְבַּץ צאן). 4. forbidden as food Lv 11:4 (P) Dt 14:7.

† אָתוֹן n.f. Gn 45:23 she-ass (Arabic أَتَانٌ, Aramaic אַתָּנָא, ܐܰܬܳܢܳܐ, Assyrian atânu)—אָתוֹן Nu 22:23 + 10 times; אֲתֹנְךָ Nu 22:30, 32; אֲתֹנוֹ Gn 49:11 + 2 times; pl. abs. אֲתֹנֹת Gn 12:16 + 2 times; אֲתֹנוֹת Ju 5:10 + 12 times; אֲתוֹנוֹת Jb 1:3; 42:12;—she-ass, as dam Gn 49:11 Zc 9:9; as property (constituting wealth) Gn 12:16; 32:16 Jb 1:3, 14; 42:12 cf. 1 Ch 27:30; so of the asses of Kish 8 times 1 S 9:3(×2), 5, 20; 10:2(×2), 14, 16; as beasts of burden Gn 45:23; for riding Ju 5:10 Nu 22:21, 22 2 K 4:22, 24; of Balaam’s ass 14 times Nu 22:21, 22, 23(×3), 25, 27(×2), 28, 29, 30(×2), 32, 33.

† [חָבַשׁ] vb. bind, bind on, bind up (NH id.; Assyrian abâšu, according to DlW 70, Pr 174; Arabic حَبَسَ confine, restrict; yet on Assyrian ḫibšu ‘Kopfbinde’ (c. חֿ), etc., v. ZehnpfundBAS i. 499, 526; Aramaic ܚܒܰܫ; cf. ܚܒܽܘܫܝܳܐ, חֲבוּשְׁיָא imprisonment, etc.)— Qal Pf. 2 ms. וְחָבַשְׁתָּ֫ Ex 29:9; 2 mpl. חֲבַשְׁתֶּם Ez 34:4; Impf. יַחֲבוֹשׁ Jb 34:17; וַיַּחֲבֹשׁ Gn 22:3 + 4 times; וִיַּחֲבָשׁ־ 1 K 13:23; וְיֶחְבָּ֑שׁ Jb 5:18; וַיַּחְבְּשֵׁנוּ Ho 6:1; 3 fs. וַתַּחֲבֹשׁ 2 K 4:24; אֶהֱבֹשׁ Ez 34:16; cohort. אֶחְבְּשָׁה־ 2 S 19:27 (but cf.infr.); וָאֶחְבְּשֵׁךְ Ez 16:10; וַיַּחְבְּשׁוּ־ 1 K 13:13; וַיַּחֲבֹ֑שׁוּ 1 K 13:27; Imv. חֲבֹשׁ Jb 40:13; חֲבוֹשׁ Ez 24:17; חִבְשׁוּ 1 K 13:13, 27; Inf. cstr. חֲבֹשׁ Is 30:26; 61:1; לְחָבְשָׁהּ Ez 30:21 (del. Co, cf. 𝔊). Pt. act. חֹבֵשׁ Is 3:7; pass. חָבוּשׁ Jon 2:6; חֲבוּשִׁים Ju 19:10; חֲבֻשִׁים 2 S 16:1 Ez 27:24;— 1. bind, bind on: a. headgear, c. acc. rei, לְ pers. Ex 29:9 Lv 8:13 (both P); c. על pers. Ez 24:17; pass. of seaweeds clinging about head סוּף חָבוּשׁ לְרֹאשִׁי Jon 2:6; c. sf. pers. et בְּ rei וָאֶחְבְּשֵׁךְ Ez 16:10 and I bound (or wound) about thee (i.e. thy head, Sm VB) שֵׁשׁ (in metaph. of י׳’s care for Jerus.; ‖ אַלְבִּישֵׁךְ, אֶנְעֲלֵךְ); fig. of punishment for wicked פְּנֵיהֶם חֲבֹשׁ בטמון Jb 40:13 veil their faces in darkness (‖ טָמְנֵם בֶּעָפָר) v. Di b. pass. prob. twined, twisted in חֲבָלִים חֲבֻשִׁים וַאֲרֻזִים Ez 27:24, cords twisted and strong, v. Sm Da. Especially c. of equipping a beast for riding; ass, in acc. Gn 22:3 Nu 22:21 (both E), 2 S 17:23 & 19:27 (where however read לוֹ חָבְשָׁה־לִּי, so 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Th We Dr), 1 K 2:40; 13:13(×2), 23, 27(×2) (v 27 b no dir. obj. expressed) 2 K 4:24; pass., also of asses, Ju 19:10 2 S 16:1. d. fig. = restrain, control (Germ. bändigen), abs. Jb 34:17. 2. bind up, viz. a wound, usually in fig., of comforting the distressed, etc.; c. sf. pers. Ho 6:1 (‖ רָכָּא, opp. הִכָּה); sq. לְ pers. לַחֲבֹשׁ לְנִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב Is 61:1; cf. Ez 34:4 (sq. לַנִּשְׁבֶּרֶת; ‖ חַזֵּק, רִפֵּא), v 16 (sq. id.; ‖ חִזֵּק); sq. acc. rei בְּיוֹם חֲבֹשׁ י׳ אֶת־שֶׁבֶר עַמּוֹ Is 30:26;26 (‖ רָפָא); c. acc. of Pharaoh’s broken arm Ez 30:21 (si vera l., v. supr.; cf. Pu.); abs. Jb 5:18 (opp. הִכְאִיב; ‖ רָפָה = רָפָא); also Is 3:7 of repairing fortunes of people. Pi. Pf. חִבֵּשׁ bind, restrain מִבְּכִי נהרות Jb 28:11; Pt. מְחַבֵּשׁ bind up לְעַצְבוֹתָם ψ 147:3. Pu. Pf. be bound up חֻבְּשָׁה Ez 30:21 (metaph.) Pharaoh’s broken arm; חֻבָּ֑שׁוּ Is 1:6 (wounds of land of Judah).

πῶλος, ὁ and ἡ, foal, whether colt or filly, Refs 8th c.BC+; νεοζυγὴς π. Refs 4th c.BC+; κριθῶντα π. Refs; ὁ ἔτι ἀδάμαστος π. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἵπποι π., opposed to ἵπποι τέλειοι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 any young animal: of the elephant, Refs 4th c.BC+; κάμηλος π. Refs 2nd c.AD+; of the dog, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ass, NT; ὄνοι π. Refs 3rd c.BC+; pullet, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 in Poets, in feminine, young girl, maiden, Refs 6th c.BC+: less frequently masculine, young man, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II a Corinthian coin, from the figure of Pegasus upon it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III ἱερὸς π. Ἴσιδος, title of priest in Egypt, Refs 2nd c.BC+; π. alone, of a priest of Demeter and Persephone, Refs 4th c.BC+

† עַ֫יִר n.m. Gn 32:16 male ass (young and vigorous);—pl. וַעְיָרִם Gn 32:16 (E); sf. עִירֹה 49:11 (poem; ‖ בְּנִי אֲתֹנוֹ); cstr. עַיִר פֶּרֶא (Ges§ 131 c N. 2; or appos. KöSynt.§ 333 s Di al.) Jb 11:12 wild ass’s colt; pl. עֲיָרִים, for riding Ju 10:4a (v 4 b see ii. עִיר), עֲיָרִם 12:14, sg. abs. עַיִר Zc 9:9; עֲיָרִים for carrying Is 30:6 Qr (Kt עורים), עֲיָרִם for tillage v 24.

† פֶּ֫רֶא n.m. Jb 39:5 (m. et. f. Je 2:24, but f. prob. erron., cf. KöSynt. 157 AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 68) wild ass (prob. from swiftness);—פ׳ abs. Ho 8:9 + (so Je 2:24 Gi; van d. H. Baer פֶּרֶה, cstr. Gn 16:12; pl. פְּרָאִים Je 14:6 +;—wild ass Je 14:6; Jb 6:5; 39:5; Is 32:14 ψ 104:11; עַיִר פ׳ Jb 11:12 wild ass’s colt; פ׳ אָדָם Gn 16:12 (J) a wild ass of a man (Ishmael as a free nomad); fig. of wilfulness Ho 8:9 (v. I. בָּדַד); of lust Je 2:24 (i.e. Israel’s love of idolatry); of poor desert-dwellers Jb 24:5.

ὄνος, ὁ and ἡ, ass, once in Refs 8th c.BC+; ὄνοι οἱ τὰ κέρεα ἔχοντες, together with a number of fabulous animals, Refs 5th c.BC+ —frequently in proverbs: __1 ὄ. λύρας (i.e. ἀκούων), of one who can make nothing of music, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὄ. κάθηται, of one who sits down when caught in the game of ὀστρακίνδα, Refs 2nd c.AD+; the two proverbs combined by Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 περὶ ὄνου σκιᾶς for an ass's shadow, i.e. for a trifle, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 ὄνου πόκαι or πόκες, see at {πόκος} Refs; ὄνον κείρεις, of those who attempt the impossible, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 ἀπ᾽ ὄνου καταπεσεῖν, of one who gets into a scrape by his own clumsiness. with a pun on ἀπὸ νοῦ πεσεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 ὄνος ὕεται an ass in the rain, of being unmoved by what is said or done, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 ὄ. ἄγω μυστήρια, i.e my part is to carry burdens, Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 ὄνων ὑβριστότερος, of wanton behaviour, Refs 5th c.BC+ __8 ὦτ᾽ ὄνου λαβεῖν, like Midas, Refs 5th c.BC+ __9 ὄ. εἰς ἄχυρα, of one who gets what he wants, Refs 4th c.AD+ __10 ὄ. ἐν μελίσσαις, of one who has got into a scrape, Refs 5th c.BC+; but ὄ. ἐν πιθήκοις, of extreme ugliness, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὄ. ἐν μύρῳ 'a clown at a feast', Refs __11 εἰς ὄνους ἀφ᾽ ἵππων, of one who has come down in the world, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II a fish of the cod family, especially the hake, Merluccius vulgaris, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III wood-louse, κυλισθεὶς ὥς τις ὄ. ἰσόσπριος Refs 5th c.BC+, Refs 5th c.AD+ __IV wingless locust, ={τρωξαλλίς}, Refs 1st c.AD+ __V ὄνων φάτνη a nebulous appearance between the ὄνοι (two stars in the breast of the Crab), Refs 4th c.BC+ __VI ὄνου πετάλειον, ={φύλλον ὀνίτιδος}, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __VII from the ass as a beast of burden the name passed to: __VII.1 windlass, Refs 5th c.BC+ __VII.2 the upper millstone which turned round, ὄ. ἀλέτης Refs 5th c.BC+see entry {μύλη}; perhaps simply, millstone, Refs 3rd c.BC+ says that Aristotle also calls the fixed nether millstone ὄνος (but Refs 4th c.BC+ when the millstone is grinding stone, as it does when no grist is in the mill). __VII.3 beaker, winecup, Refs 5th c.BC+ __VII.4 spindle or distaff, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VII.5 perhaps coping of a wall, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __VIII ass's load, as a measure, πυροῦ ὄ. τρεῖς Refs 1st c.AD+

ὀν-ῐκός, ή, όν, of or for an ass: μύλος ὀ., see at {μύλος}; ὀ. κτήνη, i. e. asses, Refs 1st c.AD+; γόμος ὀ. Refs 2nd c.AD+

ὑποζύγι-ον [ζῠ], τό, beast for the yoke, beast of draught or burden, Refs 6th c.BC+: as adjective, ὑποζύγιαι ἡμίονοι Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II later specifically an ass, LXX+NT+3rd c.BC+; βοῦς ἢ ὑ. ἢ πρόβατον Refs 3rd c.BC+; οὖρον οἷον ὑποζυγίου Refs 5th c.BC+

† I. חֲמוֹר n.[m.] heap, abs. ח׳ with du. חֲמֹרָתָ֑יִם (Baer חֲמֹרֹת׳), as if from חֲמֹרָה;—בִּלְחִי הַחֲמוֹר חֲמוֹר חֲמֹרָתָ֑יִם Ju 15:16 with the ass’s jawbone, a heap, two heaps, i.e. so many slain.

ὀνάρ-ιον, τό, diminutive of ὄνος, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a bronze figure, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [דַּבֶּ֫שֶׁת] 1. n.f. hump (of camel) (etymol.?) cstr. Is 30:6 על־דַּבֶּשֶׁת גְּמַלִּים. 2. n.pr.loc. on border of Zebulun Jos 19:11 דַּבָּ֑שֶׁת.

† [כִּרְכָּרָה] n.f. dromedary (according to Ki Thes; perhaps from constantly repeated undulating movement);—only pl. abs. וּבַכִּרְכָּרוֹת Is 66:20 (+ בַּסּוּסִים וּבָרֶכֶב וּבַצַּבִּים וּבַפְּרָדִים; the whole list is a gloss according to Du CheIntr. Is.).

† [עֲרָד K§ 57 a) α)] n.m. wild ass (𝔗 Syriac; √ ערד, perhaps = Arabic غرد give a cry NöSBWAk. cxlii. v. II. 1900, v. BH עָרוֹד as loan-word (KAramaismen 72, but dub. NöZMG lvii (1903), 413));—pl.emph. עֲרָדַיָּא Dn 5:21.

† עָרוֹד n.[m.] wild ass (prob. Aramaic loan-word (= Heb. פֶּרֶא), 𝔗 עֲרָדָא, עֲרוֹדָא; Syriac ܥܪܳܕܳܐ; Mand. אראדא, cf. HomNS 133)* Jb 39:5.

† [רַמָּךְ] n.[f.] exact meaning dub. (cf. Syriac ܪܰܡܟܳܐ herd; foreign wd.; Pahlavi ramak, N Pers. رمه herd of sheep, horses, etc., Thes 1291 Vullers ii. 52; in NH mule born of mare and he-ass);—בְּנֵי הָרַמָּכִים Est 8:10 usually sons of the (royal) mares, said of הָרֶכֶשׁ.