Desire and Coveting

† I. [אָוָה] vb. incline, desire (cf. Stem 2). Pi. Pf. אִוָּה ψ 132:13; אִוְּתָה Mi 7:1 +, etc.; Impf. 3 fs. תְּאַוֶּה Dt 12:20 + 4 times—desire subj. usually נֶפֶשׁ, obj. fruit Mi 7:1 (in metaph.); flesh (to eat) 1 S 2:16, cf. Dt 12:20 (sq. inf. לֶאֱכֹל בָּשָׂר); food & drink Dt 14:26; of king desiring rule, וּמָלַכְתָּ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 2 S 3:21; 1 K 11:37; obj. evil (רַע) Pr 21:10; once obj. י׳ Is 26:9 נַפְשִׁי אִוִּיתִךָ בַּלַּיְלָה; of God וְנַפְשׁוֹ אִוְּתָה וַיַּעַשׂ Jb 23:13; as desiring Zion for dwelling-place (late, only cases without נפשׁ) ψ 132:13, 14; Hithp. Pf. הִתְאַוָּה Pr 21:26; הִתְאַוֵּיתִי Je 17:16; הִתְאַוּוּ Nu 11:4; וְהִתְאַוִּיתֶם Nu 34:10; Impf. יִתְאַוֶּה Ec 6:2; וַיִּתְאַוֶּה 2 S 23:15; apoc. וְיִתְאַו ψ 45:12, וַיִּתְאַו 1 Ch 11:17, etc.—Pt. fs. מִתְאַוָּה Pr 13:4; mpl. מִתְאַוִּים Am 5:18; Nu 11:34—desire, long for, lust after, of bodily appetites; for dainty food Nu 11:4 (E; sq. acc. cogn.) = ψ 106:14, Nu 11:34 (E); sq. ל Pr 23:3, 6 cf. Ec 6:2 (sq. acc.), v. also Pr 13:4 (abs., subj. נֶפֶשׁ); abs. of extreme thirst 2 S 23:15 = 1 Ch 11:17; of king desiring the beauty (יֳפִי) of princess ψ 45:12 (sq. acc.); of covetous man Pr 21:26 (sq. acc. cogn.); obj. בֵּית רֵעֲךָ Dt 5:18 (‖ חמד); sq. inf. Pr 24:1 (of desiring evil companionship); obj. יוֹם י׳ Am 5:18 (acc.; of presumptuous, reckless longing) cf. Je 17:16. (Nu 34:7, 8 for תְּתָאוּ—Pi. of תאה—Di proposes תִּתְאַוֻּ, & queries whether this & הִתְאַוִּיתֶם v 10 are not from אוה, = desire for yourselves.)

† חָמֵד vb. desire, take pleasure in (Aramaic חֲמַד; Syriac ܬܚܡܘܕܐ; Arabic حَمِدَ praise, eulogize, approve of; Sab. חמדם in gratitude [praise] there-for DHMZMG 1875, 595; 1876, 686)— Qal Pf. ח׳ ψ 68:17 Pr 12:12; חָֽמְדוּ Pr 1:22; וְחָֽמְדוּ consec. Mi 2:2; חֲמַדְתֶּם Is 1:29; Impf. יַחְמֹד Ex 34:24; 2 ms. תַּחְמֹד Ex 20:17(×2) + 3 times (incl. Pr 6:25 juss.); sf. וָאֶחְמְדֵם Jos 7:21; וְנֶחְמְדֵ֫הוּ Is 53:2; Pt. pass. חֲמוּדוֹ ψ 39:12 Jb 20:20, חֲמוּדֵיהֶם Is 44:9;—desire: a. in bad sense of inordinate, ungoverned, selfish desire, sq. acc. Ex 20:17(×2) (E) = Dt 5:18 (v 18 b has תִּתְאַוֶּה), Ex 34:24 (JE) Dt 7:25; Jos 7:21; (JE) Mi 2:2; Pr 12:12; of lustful desire Pr 6:25. b. = take pleasure in, of idolatrous tendency Is 1:29, so pt. pl. חֲמוּרֵיהֵם Is 44:9 their delighful things (things in which they delight, v. also v 11 and BevJPh. xvii. 1888, p. 126); לֵצִים לָצוֹן חָֽמְדוּ Pr 1:22 how long do scorners delight in scorning. c. less often in good sense, said of God הָהָר חָמַד א׳ לְשִׁבְתּוֹ, poet. ψ 68:17; obj. the suffering servant of י׳, Is 53:2 no beauty in him, that we should desire him (choose him, be drawn toward him); pt. pass. coll. חֲמוּדוֹ ψ 39:12 his desired things, i.e. chosen, choice, desirable (v. Niph.); so prob. Jb 20:20. Niph. Pt. נֶחְמָד Gn 2:9 + 2 times; הַנֶּחֱמָדִים ψ 19:11;—desirable: עץ נ׳ לְמַרְאֶה Gn 2:9, נ׳ לְהַשְׂכִּיל 3:6, הַנֶּח׳ מִזָּהָב ψ 19:11 which are more desirable than gold; אוֹצָר נֶחְמָד Pr 21:20 desirable, i.e. costly treasure. Pi. Pf. 1 s. delight greatly בְּצִלּוֹ ח׳ וְיָשַׁ֫בְתִּי Ct 2:3 in his shadow I greatly delighted and sat, i.e. sat with great delight.

† I. תַּאֲוָה n.f. desire—abs. Gn 3:6 +; cstr. תַּאֲוַת ψ 10:3 + etc.;— 1. desire, wish Pr 13:12, 19; 18:1; of physical appetite, longing for dainty food מַאֲכַל ת׳ Jb 33:20; distinctly good sense ψ 10:17; 38:10 Pr 11:23, 19:22 (? cf. infr.) Is 26:8 (��ְשִׁמְךָ וּלְזִכְרְךָ ת׳־נָ֑פֶשׁ); bad sense, lust, appetite, covetousness ψ 10:3 (ת׳ נַפְשׁוֹ) 112:10; Pr 21:25, 26 (as acc. cogn.); particularly of longing for dainties of Egypt Nu 11:4 ψ 106:14 (both acc. cogn.) 78:30 & in n.pr. given to place where it occurred קִבְרוֹת הַתַּאֲוָה (q.v.) Nu 11:34, 35; 33:16, 17 Dt 9:22. 2. thing desired, in good sense Pr 10:24 so ת׳ לִבּוֹ ψ 21:3; bad sense ψ 78:29; thing desirable (to senses) Gn 3:6 (ת׳ לְעֵינַיִם); perhaps also Pr 19:22 the ornament of a man is his kindness (Ra Ki, etc. but cf. supr.)*

ἐπιθῡμ-έω, set one's heart upon a thing, long for, covet, desire, with genitive of things, Refs 5th c.BC+; of political attachments, τῶν ἡμετέρων πολεμίων 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.28; ὀλιγαρχίας 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 20.3: with infinitive, desire to do, πλῶσαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24; ἀπικνέεσθαιRefs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, desire, covet, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐπιθυμοῦν τοῦ πλοῦ, ={ἐπιθυμία}, eagerness for it, Refs:—passive, to be desired, τὰ ἐπιθυμούμενα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 35d.

ἐπιποθ-έω, desire besides or yearn after, c.accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+; feel the want of, LXX+5th c.BC+

† [עָגַב] vb. have inordinate affection, lust (cf. Arabic عَجِبَ wonder, admire, عَجِيبٌ beloved; and (on sens. obsc. in NH) LevyNHWB iii. 616);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. עָֽגְבָה Ez 23:7, 9, 12; Impf. 3 fs. וַתַּעְגַּב v 5, + v 16 Kt (Qr וַתַּעְגְּבָה), וַתַּעְגְּבַה v 20 (Ew§ 191 c Ol§ 228 b); Pt. pl. עֹגְבִים Je 4:30;—lust after (עַל־), only in fig. of relations of Samaria and Jerus. (personif.) with foreigners Ez 23:5, 9, 12, 16, 20, so c. acc. v 7; pt. as subst. paramours Je 4:30.

† I. שָׁאַף vb. gasp, pant, pant after, long for (so 𝔗 Jb 7:2);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְשָׁאַף consec. Jb 5:5, 3 fs. שָֽׁאֲפָה Je 2:24, 3 pl. שָֽׁאֲפוּ 14:6; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁאַף Jb 7:2, etc.; Pt. act. שׁוֹאֵף Ec 1:5;— 1. gasp, as a woman in travail, fig. of י׳, Is 42:14 (‖ נָשַׁם); pant after, snuff up the wind (acc.), of wild ass Je 2:24; 14:6; constr. praegn. וְאֶל־מְקוֹמוֹ שׁ׳ Ec 1:5 unto his place he panteth (comes panting), of sun under fig. of racer. 2. gasp or pant with desire ψ 119:131 (‖ יָאַב); pant after, be eager for, c. acc. Jb 5:5 (cf. צַמִּים p. 855b), 7:2 (‖ יְקַזֶּה), 36:20 (but obscure in context).

† [כָּסַף] vb. long (for) (Arabic كَسَفَ be colourless, obscure, be eclipsed (of sun or moon); also be depressed in appearance BaES 61; mod. Arabic disappoint; refl. conjj. be disappointed, ashamed, v. SpiroVocab.; NH כסף Hiph. shew pallor, be pale, white; Qal be ashamed, long for, cf. Aramaic כְּסַף)— Qal Impf. 2 ms. לְמַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיךָ תִּכְסֹ֑ף Jb 14:15 for the work of thy hands thou wouldest long; 3 ms. כְּאַרְיֵה יִכְסוֹף לִטְרֹ֑ף ψ 17:12 like a lion that longeth to rend. Niph. Pf. 2 ms. + Inf. abs. נִכְסֹף נִכְסַפְתָּה לְבֵית אָבִיךָ Gn 31:30 thou didst long sorely for thy father’s house; Pf. 3 fs. נִכְסְפָה … נַפְשִׁי לְחַצְרוֹת י׳ ψ 84:4 my soul longeth … for the courts of י׳; Pf. 3 ms. הַגּוֹי לֹא נִכְלסָ֑ף Zp 2:1 very dub.; but perhaps (Ges Ew Hi Ke al.), O nation not turning pale, = not ashamed, cf. etym. supr.; We thinks whole v. corrupt.

† [שָׁקַק] vb. run, run about, rush (appar. akin to √ I. שׁוק, whence שׁוֹק);— Qal Impf. 3 mpl. בָּעִיר יָשֹׁקּוּ Jo 2:9, of locusts (‖ יְרֻצוּן; > Gr proposes יִסְּקוּ from סלק); Pt. שֹׁקֵק Is 33:4, c. ב rei rush at, upon (like locusts); of roving, ranging bear Pr 28:15 (unless we read שַׁכּוּל); fig. of נֶפֶשׁ longing for water Is 29:8 (‖ עָיֵף and, v a, רֵקָה), ψ 107:9 (‖ רְעֵבָה). Hithpalp. Impf. 3 mpl. יִשְׁתַּקְשְׁקוּן Na 2:5, of chariots, they rush to and fro.

ὀρέγω, Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect and later Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect ὤρεγον Refs 5th c.BC+: future ὀρέξω Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist ὤρεξα Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle and passive, Refs 8th c.BC+: future ὀρέξομαι Refs 5th c.BC+ (ἐπ-): aorist ὠρεξάμην Refs 8th c.BC+; also ὠρέχθηνRefs 8th c.BC+: perfect ὤρεγμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; reduplicate 3rd.pers. plural ὀρωρέχαται, pluperfect -έχατο, Refs 8th c.BC+ —Cf. ὀρέγνυμι, ὀριγνάομαι:—reach, stretch, stretch out, χεῖρ᾽ ὀρέγων Refs 8th c.BC+; Ὅμηρον.., ἐφ᾽ ὃν πᾶσαι χεῖρ᾽ ὀρέγουσι πόλεις, to claim him, Refs __2 reach out, hold out, hand, give, κοτύλην καὶ πύρνον Refs 8th c.BC+; later βοήθειαν ὀρέξαι τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις extend help, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II middle and passive, __II.1 absolutely, stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand, Refs 8th c.BC+having lent a helping hand, Refs; ὀρεξαμένη ἀπὸ δίφρου Refs 8th c.BC+; ὠρέξατο χερσὶ φίλῃσι, χειρὶ σκαιῇ, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔγχει ὀρεξάσθω let him lunge with the spear (from the chariot), Refs 8th c.BC+; ποσσὶν ὀρωρέχαται πολεμίζειν, of horses, they galloped to the fight, Refs; ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών he stretched himself as he went, i.e. made a stride, Refs; ὀρωρέχατο προτὶ δειρήν were stretched out towards the neck, Refs; of fish, rise at the bait, καί τις τῶν τραφερῶν ὠρέξατο Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 with genitive, reach at or to a thing, grasp at, οὗ παιδὸς ὀρέξατο he reached out to his child, Refs 8th c.BC+; in a hostile sense, aim at, assail, hit, τοῦ δ᾽ ἀντίθεος Θρασυμήδης ἔφθη ὀρεξάμενος.. ὦμον hit him first on the shoulder, Refs 8th c.BC+; δηΐων ὀρέγοιτ᾽ ἐγγύθεν ἱστάμενος Refs 7th c.BC+; also of a suppliant, τί χρῆμα θηρῶσ᾽ ἱκέτις ὠρέχθης ἐμο; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.b metaphorically, reach after, grasp at, yearn for, γάμων Refs 3rd c.AD+: frequently in Attic dialect Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+: so with infinitive, πόλιν ὠρέξατ᾽ οἰκεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: also, absolutely, yearn, desire, πάσῃσιν ὀρέξαιτο πραπίδεσσιν Refs 5th c.BC+; compare ὀρεκτός, ὄρεξις. __II.3 with accusative, σῖτόν τ᾽ ὄρεξαι take food, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἰώρημα διὰ δέρης ὀρέξομαι I will put the noose on my neck, Refs

προσαιτ-έω, ask besides, οὐδέν Refs 5th c.BC+; αἷμα π. demand more blood, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. μισθόν demand higher pay, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 demand or require for a purpose, ὅσους.. τὰ ἔργα προσαιτοίη Refs __II ask as well as others (i.e. for a share), and so, with accusative person, ask an alms of, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative of things, beg for a thing, βίοτον, στρατιάν, Refs 5th c.BC+: with double accusative, beg somewhat of one, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, beg some of.., Refs 1st c.AD+: absolutely, to be importunate, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be a beggar, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [עָרַג] vb. long for (cf. Arabic عَرَجَ ascend, ii. bend, incline toward (على); عَرِيجٌ high, elevated; Ethiopic ዐርገ ascend; NH עֲרוּגָה = BH);— Qal Impf. 3 fs. תַּעֲרֹג ψ 42:2 (of stag, c. עַל rei in sim.); c. אֶל, of longing for God v 2 (subj. נַפְשִׁי), so תַּעֲרוֹג Jo 1:20 (of beasts, craving water).

ἐπαιτ-έω, ask besides, εἰ καί νύ κεν.. ἄλλο μεῖζον ἐπαιτήσειας Refs 8th c.BC+: absolutely, ask for more, φαγὼν ἔτ᾽ ἐπῄτεον Refs 3rd c.BC+:—so in middle, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 beg as a mendicant, ἄλλους ἐ. τὸν καθ᾽ ἡμέραν βίον Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 simply, demand, Refs 2nd c.BC+

† I. תָּאֵב, תָּאַב vb. long for (NH id., תִּיאֲבוֹן desire; Aramaic תְּאֵב, תְּאִיב long for;? secondary √ from אָבָה, or denom. from תַּאֲבָה, and this from אבה, cf. Buhl; but v. Ol§ 137);— Qal Pf. 1 s. תָּאַ֫בְתִּי, c. ל rei, ψ 119:40, 174.

ἐπιθῡμ-ητής, οῖ, ὁ, one who longs for or desires, νεωτέρων ἔργων Refs 5th c.BC+; τιμῆς, σοφίας, Refs; φύσει πολέμου ἐ. NT+2nd c.AD+ __2. absolutely, lover, follower, Refs __2.b. one who lusts, LXX

ἐπιπόθ-ητος, ον, longed for, desired, NT; missed, found wanting, ὅρκοι Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἱμείρω [ῑ], Aeolic dialect ἰμέρρω Refs 7th c.BC+, cf. Hdn.Gr. 2.949: (ἵμερος):— long for, desire, with genitive, τί κακῶν ἱμείρετε τούτων..; Refs 8th c.BC+: with infinitive, long or wish to do, Refs 7th c.BC+ [same place]: with adjective neuter, γνωτὰ κοὐκ ἄγνωτά μοι προσήλθεθ᾽ ἱμείροντες Refs 5th c.BC+ __II middle ἱμείρομαι, aorist 1 ἱμειράμην linesRefs:—passive, aorist 1 ἱμέρθην Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive, εἴ πως ἱμείραιτο παραδραθέειν φιλότητι (compare ἵμερος) Refs 8th c.BC+.—Epic dialect, Ionic dialect Refs 5th c.BC+, and Trag. word: never in Attic dialect Prose; introduced as etymology in Refs 5th c.BC+

κνήθ-ω, later form of κνάω, scratch, ὡς λέγεται, κνήθειν οἶδεν ὄνος τὸν ὄνον Refs 2nd c.AD+ —middle, κνήθεσθαι εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας τὰ ἕλκη to get one's sores scratched, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 passive, itch, Paul.NT; to be provoked, Refs 4th c.BC+

φῐλαυτ-ος, ον, (αὑτοῦ) loving oneself, in good sense, τὸν ἀγαθὸν δεῖ φ. εἶναι Refs 4th c.BC+: more frequently in bad sense, selfish, NT+4th c.BC+; τὸ φ. ={φιλαυτία}, Refs 1st c.AD+ adverb -τωςRefs 2nd c.AD+

φῐλήδ-ονος, ον, (ἡδονή) fond of pleasure, NT+2nd c.BC+ __2 wont to bring delight, Βάκχοιο νᾶμα Refs

† [יָאַב] vb. long, desire (Aramaic ܝܐܶܒ, and especially Ethpa. and deriv.)— Qal Pf. 1 s. לְמִצְוֹתֶיךָ יָאָ֑בְתִּי ψ 119:131, late Aramaism.

† [כָּלֶה] adj. failing with desire, longing, only fpl. וְעֵינֶיךָ רֹאוֹת וְכָלוֹת אֲלֵיהֶם Dt 28:32 while thine eyes look and fail longingly for them (cf. vb. כלה Qal 2 b, and כִּלָּיוֹן infr.)

† כָּמַהּ vb. faint (Arabic كَمِهَ is be pale of face, gray (of daylight), weak-eyed, أَكْمَهُ blind from birth; Syriac ܟܡܰܗ be blind), only fig.— Qal Pf. 3 ms. כ׳ לְךָ בְשָׂרִי ψ 63:2 faint (with longing) for thee (‖ צָֽמְאָה לְךָ נַפְשִׁי).