Being and Existence

הָיָה3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI 1.6 היה, ib.3 הית; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هَوَى, Aramaic הֲוָא, ܗܘܳܐ; v. הָוָה supr.)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. הָיָה Gn 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consec. Gn 4:14 +; 3 fs. הָֽיְתָה Gn 1:2 +; הָיָתָ֑ה Is 14:24 + 3 times; וְהָֽיְתָה consec. Gn 9:13 +; והית 2 K 9:37 Kt (Qr וְהָיְתָה); 2 ms. הָיִיתָ Dt 5:15 +; 1 s. הָיִיתִי Gn 31:40; 3 pl. הָיוּ Gn 6:4 +; 2 mpl. הֱיִיתֶם Ex 22:20 +; וִהְיִיתֶם consec. Gn 3:5 +; 1 pl. הָיִינוּ Is 1:9 +; etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִהְיֶה Gn 1:29 +; juss. יְהִי Gn 1:3 +; יֶהִ֑י Ez 16:15; וִיהִי Gn 1:6 +; וַיְהִי Gn 1:3 +; וַיֶּהִ֑י ψ 33:9 Ez 16:19; 3 fs. תִּהְיֶה Gn 21:30 +; 1 s. אֶהְיֶה Ex 3:12 +; וָאֶהְיֶה 2 S 7:6 + 9 times; וָאֱהִי Ju 18:4 + 12 times; 3 mpl. יִהְיוּ Gn 6:19 +; 3 fpl. תִּהְיֶינָה Is 16:2 + 19 times; תִּהְיֶיןָ Gn 41:36 + 11 times; וְתִהְיֶנָה Je 18:21; 48:6; וַתִּהְיֶינָה 2 S 20:3 + 6 times; וַתִּהְיֶיןָ Gn 26:35; 1 S 25:43; וַתִּהְיֶנָה 1 Ch 7:15; 2 mpl. תִּהְיוּ Gn 34:15 +; תִּהְיוּן Ex 22:20; 1 pl. נִהְיֶה Gn 38:23 +; וַנִּהְיֶה 2 S 11:23; Je 44:17; וַנְּהִי Nu 13:33; Is 64:5, etc.; Imv. ms. הֱיֵה Ex 18:19 +; fs. הֲיִי Gn 24:60; mpl. הֱיוּ Ex 19:15; Nu 16:16, וִהְיוּ 1 S 4:9 + 6 times; Inf. abs. הָיוֹ Gn 18:18 + 3 times; הָיֹה 1 K 13:32 Ez 1:3; cstr. הֱיוֹת Gn 2:18 +, so read prob. also for הֱיֵה Ez 21:15 cf. Sm Köi p. 600 f. (Co em. היה־לה to הָהֵל shine, glitter); with pref. בִּהְיוֹת Ex 5:13 +, בִּהְיֹת Ex 19:16 +; לִהְיוֹת Gn 10:8 +, לִהְיֹת Ex 23:1 +; sf. הֱיוֹתִי Jon 4:2; הֱיוֹתְךָ Ju 18:19(×2); לִהְיֹתְךָ Dt 26:19, etc.; Pt. f. הוֹיָה Ex 9:3. I. 1. a. Fall out, happen מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 S 4:16 how has the matter fallen out, (gone, turned out)? so 2 S 1:4; מֶה־הָיָה לוֹ Ex 32:1, 23 (both JE) what has happened to him? cf. 1 S 10:12; מִקְרֶה הוּא הָיָה לָנוּ 1 S 6:9 a chance it is that has befallen us; also וַיְהִי־לוֹ כֵּן 2 K 7:20 and so it happened to him, cf. וַיְהִי־כֵן infr. b. occur, take place, come about, come to pass:—מַגֵּפָה גְדוֹלָה הָֽיְתָה בָּעָם 1 S 4:17 a great slaughter has taken place among the people, cf. 2 S 17:9; הַמִּלְחָמָה בְּיַעַר אֶפְרַיִם וַתְּהִי 2 S 18:6 and the battle took place in the wood of Ephraim (on אפרים cf. Klo Dr); Jos 22:17 (P; of plague); תְּהִי נָא אָלָה Gn 26:28 (J) let an oath take place (be taken) so Ju 21:5; cf. 2 K 17:7 (si vera l.), Ez 16:34; especially late, 2 Ch 29:36; 32:31; Ec 1:9, 10; 3:22; 8:7; 10:14 etc.; often of fulfilment of prediction, command, expectation, etc.:—כֵּן הָיָה Gn 41:3 (E) so it came to pass, 2 S 13:25, וַיְהִי־כֵן Ju 6:38 2 K 15:12 Is 29:5, & especially וַיְהִי־כֵן Gn 1:7, 9, 11, 15, 24, 30 (all P) +; יְהִי כִדְבָרֶ֑ךָ Gn 30:34 let it be as thou sayest, Zc 6:15, v. also לֹא תָקוּם וְלֹא יִהְיֶה Is 7:7 it shall not arise (be realized) & shall not come about, 14:24; (so often בּוֹא q.v. 2 c, p. 98 supr.) 2. especially & very often, come about, come to pass sq. substantive (subj.) cl. almost always + modifying (usually temporal) cl. or phr.: a. (1) וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 times) foll. by (a) Impf. consec.: α. with Inf. c. כְּ temp. Gn 12:14; 19:17 (both J) + 75 times + Est 3:4 Qr (Hex chiefly J,—so always Gn,—& JE; P only Ex 16:10, D only Dt 5:20; 31:24 Jos 5:1; 9:1; 27 times in K),—somewhat diff. is 2 K 7:18; β. with Inf. c. בְּ Gn 4:8; 11:2 (both J) + 29 times + Est 3:4 Kt (in Hex 10 times JE; 3 times P, Gn 19:29; Ex 34:29; Nu 17:7; not in D); γ. with בְּ sq. nom. temp. (יוֹם, בֹּקֶר, etc.) Gn 21:22 (E) 26:32 (J) + 45 times (Hex 14 times JE; 3 times P, Ex 6:28; 16:13 Nu 7:1; not D); δ. לְ temp. 1 S 1:20; 2 S 13:23; 1 K 20:26; 1 Ch 20:1; ε. כְּ temp. Gn 39:11 1 S 25:38; ζ. מִן temp. viz.: מֵאָז Gn 39:5, מִיּוֹם 1 S 7:2 cf. 30:25, מִיָּמִים Ju 11:4; 15:1, מִקֵּץ Gn 4:3; 8:6 + 6 times, מִקְצֵה Jos 3:2 2 K 8:3 Ez 3:16, especially מִמָּחֳרָת Gn 19:34 Ex 18:13 + 11 times; η. כַּאֲשֶׁר temp. Gn 12:11 (J) 20:13 (E) + 31 times (Hex 13 times JE, Dt 2:16, not P), characteristic of Neh.’s memoirs, †Ne 3:33; 4:1, 6, 9; 6:1, 16; 7:1; 13:19; θ. with כִּי temp. Gn 6:1 (J) Ex 3:21 (E) + 14 times + Ju 16:25 Kt; ι. אַחֲרֵי temp. Gn 22:20 (J) + 13 times, אַחַר Gn 39:7 Jb 42:7, אַחֲרֵי־כֵן Ju 16:4 + 6 times; κ. sq. עַד temp. 1 S 14:19 (on which cf. Dr); comp. עַד־כֹּה וְעַד־כֹּה 1 K 18:45; λ. with combinations; as בְּ c. nom. temp. + בְּ Inf. Gn 34:25 Ex 19:16 1 S 25:37; בְּ Inf. + כְּ Inf. Jos 3:14; double prep. כְּמִשְּׁלשׁ חֳדָשִׁים Gn 38:24; מִקְצֵה + אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר Jos 9:16; מִיָּמִים + id. 23:1; μ. other unusual constructions under this head are: those where temporal idea is expr. by a circumst. cl. Is 22:7 1 K 13:20 2 K 8:21 (Dr§ 165, & Obs.) = 2 Ch 21:9; those with indef. כֹּל 1 S 10:11; 2 S 2:23; 15:2, or with pt. = rel. cl. 1 S 11:1 (on all v. Dr§ 78 n. & Sm); quite unique is 1 K 16:31, with הֲנָקֵל לֶכְתּוֹ וגו׳ in place of temp. cl. (b) וַיְהִי sometimes sq. simple Pf., with a negative Gn 39:10 (c. כְּ Inf.), Ex 13:17 (c. בְּ Inf.) 2 K 12:7; 17:25 (both c. בְּ temp.); & without neg., Gn 8:13 (P) 14:1 +, usually c. בְּ temp. (38 times), Hex chiefly P; rarely c. other prep. & adv. as above; note especially מִדֵּי sq. Inf. 1 S 18:20 2 Ch 12:11; sometimes the subj. of foll. Pf. precedes it c. וְ, as Gn 22:1; 41:1; 1 S 18:19; 30:1; 2 K 2:9; 4:40 +; note especially 2 S 17:27 where several subj. & also several objects precede the Pf. (cf. Dr); in these cases the temporal modifier is occasionally a circumst. cl. 2 S 13:30; 1 K 8:10; 2 K 19:37 = Is 37:38; rarely subj. precedes Pf. without וְ 1 K 11:4; 21:1, comp. subj. preceding Pt. without וְ Ne 4:10; in 2 Ch 8:1 the obj. (with וְ) precedes what is appar. the principal vb. (c) וַיְהִי sq. וְהִנֵּה Gn 24:15 (J; טֶרֶם in temp. cl.), 29:25 (E), 38:27 (J, both בְּ temp.) v 29 (כְּ Pt.), 1 S 13:10 (כְּ Inf.); also 2 S 1:2; 13:36; 15:32 (circumst. cl.) 2 K 2:11 (id.), 3:20, 13:21 (circumst. cl.). (d) rarely וַיְהִי (in this sense) sq. other constructions: אָז יִתֵּן 1 K 9:10 (c. מִקְצֵה); Impf. frequentat. 14:28 (c. מִדֵּי־בֹּא, 2 K 4:8 (c. מִדֵּי עָבְרוֹ) Je 36:23 (c. כְּ Inf.); Pf. consec. frequentat. 2 Ch 24:11 (c. בְּ temp.). (2) really also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה (cf. Dr§ 133) sq. Impf. consec. as subj. cl.: 1 S 1:12 (c. several circumst. cl.), 10:9 (c. כְּ Inf.) 2 K 3:15 (id.), 1 S 17:48 (c. כִּי), Je 37:11 (c. בְּ Inf.), Am 7:2 (c. אִם temp.); also Je 3:9 (appar. c. מִן causat., but obscure); 1 S 13:22 (c. בְּ temp.) is foll. by וְלֹא & Pf. as well as Impf. consec. b. less often וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat., came to pass (repeatedly, etc.) usually (a) sq. simple Impf. (c. 100 times): α. c. בְּ temp. Dt 21:16; 25:19 + 37 times, (especially בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא Ho 2:18, 23 Is 7:18, 21, 23 + 21 times); β. c. בְּ loc. Ez 47:23 Zc 13:8 cf. also Ho 2:1 (בִּמְקוֹם אֲשֶׁר, but perhaps = instead of, cf. VB); γ. c. indef. rel. cl., or its equiv. (כֹּל indef., etc.), cf. Dr§ 121, Obs. 1: Gn 4:14; Nu 17:20; Dt 12:11; 18:19; Jos 7:14, 15; Ju 7:4; 1 S 2:36; 17:25; 2 S 15:35; 1 K 19:17; 20:6; Is 4:3; 24:18; Na 3:7; Je 27:8; 42:4; Ez 47:9; Zc 14:17; Jo 3:5; δ. c. כַּאֲשֶׁר Nu 33:56; Dt 28:63; Jos 23:15; Ju 7:17; Is 29:8; Je 31:28; Zc 8:13; ε. less often with other modif. phr.: כְּ Inf. Ex 33:8, 9 (both frequentat.), Jos 3:13; 8:8; Je 25:12; 51:63; בְּ Inf. Gn 9:14 (P) 2 K 4:10; Ez 44:17; אִם condit. Dt 20:11 (+ v 11 Dr§ 118 n.), also Jos 22:18, where the arrangement is peculiar, & the condit. is expressed without אִם (cf. Dr§ 155); לְ temp. Dt 23:12; מִקֵּץ Is 23:17; טֶרֶם Is 65:24; מִדֵּי חֹדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁוֹ Is 66:23, etc. (b) וְהָיָה sq. Pf. consec. (c. 85 times): α. most often + cl. c. כִּי temp. Gn 12:12; 46:33 (both J) Ex 1:10 (E) Dt 11:29; Is 8:21 + 25 times; β. c. אִם Ex 4:8, 9 Nu 15:24; Dt 11:13 + 14 times; also Gn 38:9; Nu 21:9 (both frequentat.); γ. c. בְּ temp. Gn 30:41 (frequentat.) 47:24 (but cf. Ol Di) Ex 16:5 + 11 times; δ. c. indef. rel. cl. or equivalent (Dr§ 121 Obs. 1): Gn 24:14; Nu 10:32 (Dr§ 118 n.) 21:18; Dt 21:3 Ju 11:31; 19:30; Zc 14:16; ε. occas. with other modif. phr.: כַּאֲשֶׁר Gn 27:40 +; כְּ Inf. Gn 44:31 +; בְּ Inf. Ex 33:22 +; מִקֵּץ 2 S 14:26; עֵקֶב causat. Dt 7:12; also (c) sq. וְלֹא + simple Impf. Ex 3:21 (c. כִּי temp.). (d) וְהָיָה sq. Imv. (very rare) Dt 6:10 (c. כִּי temp.), 1 S 10:7 (c. כִּי), cf. 29:10, cf. Pf. consec. in command 1 S 3:9 (c. אִם). (e) וְהָיָה sq. simple Pf. (also very rare) Dt 8:19 (c. אִם). (f) וְהָיָה sq. cl. without vb.: Gn 24:43 Jos 2:19 1 K 18:24 (all c. indef. rel. modifier, or equiv., v. (a) γ, (b) δ, supr.). (g) וְהָיָה (ו conj.) sq. Impf. consec. v. a. (e) supr. II. Come into being, become:— 1. a. abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come וַתְּהִי צְעָקָה גְדֹלָה Ex 12:30 (J) and there arose a great cry in Egypt; וַיְהִי־קוֹל Ez 1:25 (del. Co cf. Da), 37:7 (del. קוֹל 𝔊 Co); כִּי הָֽיְתָה הָֽרְוָחָה Ex 8:11 (J) Pharaoh saw that respite had come; Mi 7:4 now shall come their confusion (‖ בוא); also of concrete objects וְהָֽיְתָה הַקֶּשֶׁת בֶּעָנָן Gn 9:16 (P) and the bow shall appear in the clouds (‖ וְנִרְאֲתָה); וְרִמָּה לֹא הָֽיְתָה בּוֹ Ex 16:24 (P) and worms did not appear in it; of condition or action begun & continuing, as: famine Gn 12:10; 26:1, 1 (all J), 41:54 (E), Ru 1:1; 2 S 21:1; 2 K 6:25; strife Gn 13:7, 8 (J), Hb 1:3 (‖ מָדוֹן יִשָּׂא); often of action of the elements, as the coming of hail Ex 9:18, 24, 26 (all J), thunder & lightning, etc., Ex 19:16 (E), rain 1 K 18:45, storm Jon 1:4; especially of creative fiats יְהִי אוֹר וַיְהִי אוֹר Gn 1:3 let light appear, and light appeared, cf. v 5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31 (all P); also arise, come on the stage or scene, וְאַחֲרָיו הָיָה שַׁמְגַּר Ju 3:31 and after him arose Shamgar (= וַיָּקָם 10:1); further וַעֲלָטָה הָיָה Gn 15:17 (JE) and darkness came on; הַבֹּקֶר הָיָה Ex 10:13 (J) the morning came, 19:16 (E); וַיְהִי הַיּוֹם †1 S 1:4 and the day came, when (v. Dr), 14:1 2 K 4:8, 11, 18 Jb 1:6, 13; 2:1. b. sq. prep.: בְּ, וְיָדֵנוּ אַל־תְּהִי־בוֹ (Gn 37:27 (J) but out hand, let it not come upon him, of hand of י׳ 1 S 5:9; 7:13; 12:15 + (all in hostile sense); וַיְהִי בִּרְכַּת י׳ בְּכָל־אֲשֶׁר יֶשׁ־לוֹ Gn 39:5 (J) and the blessing of י׳ came into (on) all that he had; but also of plague Ex 12:13 (P); sq. עַל, וּמֵי הַמַּבּוּל הָיוּ עַל־הָאָרֶץ Gn 7:10 (J) that the waters of the flood came upon the earth; עָלַי הָיוּ כֻלָּ֑נָה Gn 42:36 (E) Gn 9:2 (P) fear shall come upon, cf. 35:5 (P) 2 Ch 14:13; 17:10; 20:29 +; of wrath Jos 22:20 1 K 3:27; so of Saul’s evil spirit from God 1 S 16:16, 23; 19:9 (אֶל); but sq. עַל also in good sense וַתְּהִי עָלָיו רוּחַ י׳ conferring strength & efficiency Ju 3:10; 11:29 (היה = צלח Ju 14:6 + often), cf. Nu 24:2 (JE) of prophetic power; (on וַתְּהִי עָלָיו יַד י׳ 2 K 3:15 Ez 3:22 and the like, vid. יָד); יַד אֱלֹהֵינוּ הָֽיְתָה עָלֵינוּ Ezr 8:31, so ψ 80:18; even וַתְּהִי עַל־רֹאשׁ דָּוִד 2 S 12:30 and it (the crown, עֲטֶרֶת) came (i.e. was put, set) on David’s head; with a diff. meaning וַנִּהְיֶה עֲלֵיהֶם עַד־פֶּתַח הַשָּׁ֑עַר 2 S 11:23 and we were close upon them even to the gateway (cf. We Dr); come, go, follow (sq. אַחֲרֵי) i.e. take the side of, adhere to, Ex 23:2 (JE) 1 S 12:14 2 S 2:10 1 K 12:20; 16:21; sq. לְ, of blessings Gn 49:26 (poem); of judgment, punishment Je 40:3; especially ויהי דבר … אֶל and the word of … came unto: word of Samuel 1 S 4:1; usually word of God (or י׳) Gn 15:1 1 S 15:10 +; constantly in prophets: Ho 1:1 Mi 1:1 etc.; especially Je & Ez: Je 1:4, 11, 13; 2:1; 13:8 +; Ez 3:16; 6:1; 7:1; 11:14, 17, 21, 26, 12:1, 8;+; so also abs. הָיָה הַמַּשָּׂא הַזֶּה Is 14:28 in the death-year of king Ahaz came this utterance; also sq. מִן; מַלְכֵי עַמִּים מִמֶּנָּה יִהְיוּ Gn 17:16 (P), וּקְהַל גּוֹיִם יִהְיֶה מִמֶּ֑ךָּ 35:11 (P), וְהָיָה אַדִּירוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ Je 30:21 (‖ מִקִּרְבּוֹ יֵצֵא); הַכֹּל הָיָה מִן־הֶעָפָר וְהַכֹּל שָׁב אֶל הֶעָפָר Ec 3:20 all came from the dust, & all return unto the dust; וַיְהִי קֶצֶף גָּדוֹל מֵאֵת י׳ צְבָאוֹת Zc 7:12. 2. become: a. sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus. Dr§ 161, 3 n. according to the Arabic usage WAG ii, § 41.44.74): הִוא הָֽיְתָה אֵם כָּל־חָ֑י Gn 3:20 (J) it was she that became the mother of all living; וַיְהִי הֶבֶל רֹעֵה צֹאן וְקַיִן הָיָה עֹבֵד אֲדָמָה 4:2 (J) and Abel became a shepherd of flocks, while Cain became a tiller of ground; 2 S 8:14 Mi 2:11 + often b. sq. pred. adj. Gn 38:7; Ex 36:13 +; cf. Gn 37:20 let us see what his dream will become (turn out to be, signify); c. become like (כְּ), וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Gn 3:5 and ye shall become like gods cf. v 22, Nu 11:1 (JE), Ho 2:1; 7:11; Is 9:18; 1 K 7:8; Zc 9:7 +; cf. Gn 15:5 so (כֹּה) shall thy seed become; specif. of likeness in punishment Is 1:9 1 S 17:36 +; also with כְּ repeated וְהָיָה כָעָם כַּכֹּהֵן Ho 4:9 and the people shall become like the priest (lit., and the like of the people shall become the like of the priest), so especially Is 24:2 (6 pairs of words as above); וְהָיָה כַצַּדִּיק כָּרָשָׁע Gn 18:25 (J), v. כְּ" dir="rtl" >כְּ. b + c Gn 27:23 his hands had become like the hands of Esau his brother, hairy. d. sq. pred. + לְ pers. וּתְהִי אִשָּׁה לְבֶן־אֲדֹנֶיךָ Gn 24:51 (J) and let her become wife to the son of thy lord, 1 S 16:21; 1 K 11:25 ψ 89:42; 1 Ch 18:6 +; = be instituted, established, וְהָיָה לָהֶם חָק־עוֹלָם Ex 30:21 (P) and it shall be established for them as a perpetual ordinance (cf. f infr.). e. sq. לְ pred.: וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה Gn 2:7 (J) and the man became a living soul; וְהָיָה לְאַרְבָּעָה רָאשִׁים Gn 2:10 (J) and it became four heads; גַּם־הוּא יִהְיֶה־לְעָם Gn 48:19 (J) he too shall become a people; וִהְיוּ לַאֲנָשִׁים 1 S 4:9 and become (shew yourselves to be) men (‖ הִתְחַזְּקוּ; cf. with double לְ, f infr.); Zp 1:13; Ez 17:6; 47:12; Jb 16:8; וְהָיָה י׳ לְמֶלֶךְ עַל־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ Zc 14:9; וַיְהִי לְמַס עֹבֵד †Gn 49:15; Jos 16:10; so often; also in sense of turn into, be changed so as to become, וַיְהִי לְנָחָשׁ Ex 4:3 and it became a serpent, v 4; 7:10; Is 1:22; Dt 26:5 +; fig. וַיְהִי לְמָ֑יִם Jos 7:5 and it (their heart) turned to water, so וְהוּא הָיָה לְאֶבֶן 1 S 25:37; or, serve as וְהָיוּ לִמְאוֹרֹת Gn 1:15 (P) and they shall become (fulfil the function of, serve as) luminaries, cf. v 14; וְהָיָה לְאוֹת בְּרִית Gn 9:13; 17:11 (both P). f. often c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.: וַתְּהִי לָהֶם הַלְּבֵנָה לְאָ֑בֶן Gn 11:3 (J) and the bricks became (served as) stone for them; וַתְּהִי לִי לְאִשָּׁה Gn 20:12 (E) cf. 24:67 (J) +, וַתִּהְיֶינָה מַחְלָה וְחָגְלָה … לַבְנֵי דֹדֵיהֶן לְנָשִׁים Nu 36:11; וְהָיָה לְךָ וְלָהֶם לְאָכְלָה 6:21 (P), Ex 2:10; 15:2 Ju 8:27; וְהָיָה י׳ לִי לֵאלֹהִים Gn 28:21 (E); אֲנִי אֶהְיֶה לוֹ לְאָב וְהוּא יִהְיֶה־לִי לְבֵן 1 Ch 17:3 +; = shew or prove oneself as הֱיֵה־לִי לְבֶן־חַיִל 1 S 18:17 shew thyself for me a valiant man (cf. 1 S 4:9 e supr.); = be instituted, established (cf. e supr.) וְהָיָה לְאַהֲרֹן וּלְבָנָיו לְחָק־עוֹלָם Ex 29:28 and it shall be instituted for Aaron and his sons as a perpetual ordinance; cf. v 9 Lv 10:15; וְהָֽיְתָה לִהְיֹת לָהֶם מָשְׁחָתָם לִכְהֻנַּת עוֹלָם לְדֹרֹתָם Ex 40:15 (all P). g. with עַל and לְ 1 S 22:2 וַיְהִי עֲלֵיהֶם לְשָׂר and he became over them prince. h. sometimes c. לְ pers. only = become the property of, come into the possession of וַיְהִי־לוֹ צֹאן־וּבָקָר וְגו׳ Gn 12:16 (J), and he came to have flocks and herds etc., 26:14; 30:43; לֹא לוֹ יִהְיֶה הַזָּ֑רַע Gn 38:9 not his should the seed become; וְהָיָה לי׳ Ju 11:31 it shall become Yahweh’s; Dt 10:9; Jos 13:29; 1 K 10:26; 11:3 + often; so of a woman, as wife תְּהִי־נָא לְךָ Ju 15:2 pray let her become thine, cf. also וַתְּהִי אֵשֶׁת שִׁמְשׁוֹן לְמֵרֵעֵהוּ 14:20, Ho 3:3 Ru 1:13 Lv 21:3; Dt 24:2; Je 3:1; Ez 16:8 (and also + לְאִשָּׁה, לְנָשִׁים v. f supr.) III. Be (often with subordinate idea of becoming);— 1. exist, be in existence (i.e. orig. have come into existence), כָּל־הַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר הָיָה 1 S 1:28 all the days which he shall have been (lived, = חַי Gn 5:5 etc., cf. DrSm), Jb 3:16, Is 23:13; often c. בְּ loc. וְכֹל שִׂיחַ הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִהְיֶה בָאָרֶץ Gn 2:5 (J) and there was not yet in the earth any shrub of the field; וּבְאֵלֶּה לֹא הָיָה אִישׁ וגו׳ Nu 26:64 (P) and among them there was not a man to be found, etc.; also וְלֹא הָיָה כַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לְפָנָיו וְאַחֲרָיו Jos 10:14 (JE) & there hath not been a day like that before it nor since, cf. 2 S 14:25; 1 K 18:5; 21:25; 2 K 23:25; Ne 13:26 +; somewhat weaker, in the freq. introductory clause וַיְהִי אִישׁ now there was a man Ju 13:2; 1 S 1:1; 9:1; Nu 9:6 (P), Jb 1:1 +; on אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה Ex 3:14 v. יהוה" dir="rtl" >יהוֹה. 2. abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time) וַיְהִי מֹשֶׁה בָּהָר Ex 24:18 and Moses remained in the mount forty days, etc., so 34:28 (both JE), Ju 17:4, 12 1 S 6:1 1 K 11:20 2 K 11:3 = 2 Ch 22:12 +; also Lv 22:27; 25:28 (both H), etc.; sq. עַד temp. remain until Dt 22:2 1 K 11:40; 2 K 15:5; 2 Ch 5:9; 26:21; Dn 1:21 etc.; cf. הוּא יִהְיֶה לְעוֹלָם Ec 3:14; so also of space sq. עַד extend unto, as far as, Jos 19:10: of net beneath altar, Ex 27:5 shall reach as far as (עַד) the middle of the altar. 3. with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie; בִּהְיוֹתָם בַּשָּׂדֶה Gn 4:8 (J) when they were in the field, הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־הָיָה שָׁם אָהֳלֹה בַּתְּחִלָּה 13:3 (J) the place where his tent had stood at first; וְהָאָרֶץ תִּהְיֶה לִפְנֵיכֶם 34:10 and the land, it lieth before you; cf. Jos 19:1; Ju 7:1, 8; Mi 5:6, 7; sq. עַל be, be found or situated upon Is 30:25 and there shall be upon every high mountain etc., streams, water-courses; Ez 37:27 and my dwelling-place shall be over them; fig. of guilt וְהָיָה עָלָיךָ דָּמִים Dt 19:10 and blood (-guilt) be upon thee. 4. as copula, joining subj. & pred.:— a. sq. pred. adj. וַיִּהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם עֲרוּמִּים Gn 2:25, וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם 3:1, בִּהְיוֹתָם כֹּאֲבִים 34:25, וַיְהִי יוֹסֵף יְפֵה־תֹאַר 39:6; Dt 23:15; Jos 19:9; Ju 11:1; Jb 1:1, 3b 2 Ch 7:21. b. sq. pred. noun Gn 1:2; 9:18; 25:3; 36:14; 40:13; 1 S 17:34, 42 2 S 8:10; 20:26; 1 K 10:6; 2 K 3:4; 5:1(×2) 1 Ch 9:20; 11:20; 18:10; 26:10; 2 Ch 13:7; כִּי לֹא־הָיָה מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל 2 Ch 18:32 (‖ 1 K 22:33 כִּי־לֹא־מֶלֶךְ ישׂראל הוּא) +; often of age: וַיְהִי אַבְרָם בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִים שָׁנָה וְתֵשַׁע שָׁנִים Gn 17:1 (P) 2 K 8:17; 14:2; 15:2, 33; 18:2; 2 Ch 21:20; 27:8 +; sq. pred. Inf. abs. (very anomal.) וְהַמַּיִם הָיוּ הָלוֹךְ וְחָסוֹר Gn 8:5; = amount to, come to, in enum. of days of life, number of people, amounts of money, etc.: Gn 5:4, 5, 8, 11, 14; 9:29; 11:32; 23:1 +; Ex 38:24 Nu 1:46, etc. c. sq. adv. & adverbial phr.: לֹא־טוֹב הֱיוֹת הָאָדָם לְבַדּוֹ Gn 2:18 (J) it is not good that the man be alone; חָדַל לִהְיוֹת לְשָׂרָה אֹרַח כַּנָּשִׁים 18:11 (J). d. sq. prep.: (a) be with, accompany c. עִם, subj. most often י׳ or אלהים with added idea of protection, aid Gn 26:3; 31:3; 39:10; 48:21 Jos 1:3; 6:27; Ju 1:19; 2:18; 1 S 3:19; 18:12; 20:13; 1 K 1:37; 1 Ch 11:13; 2 Ch 17:3; sq. עִמָּדִי Gn 28:20; 31:5; 35:3; sq. עִם, human subj., of accompaniment וְהָיָה הַכֹּהֵן בֶּן־אַהֲרֹן עִם־הַלְוִיִּם Ne 10:39; 1 Ch 11:12, read also in ‖ 2 S 23:9 (Th We Dr); = be on the side of 1 K 1:8; c. עִם also = be near וּמַלְאַךְ י׳ הָיָה עִם־גֹּרֶן האורנה 2 S 24:16 (cf. Dr); also 2 S 13:20 implying sexual intercourse, so Gn 39:10 (perhaps gloss, cf. Di); peculiar uses with עִם are: וּדְבַר־אַבְנֵר הָיָה עִם־זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 2 S 3:17 and the speech of A. had been with the elders of Isr., cf. 1 K 1:7; וַיְהִי עִם־לְבַב דָּוִד אָבִי לִבְנוֹת 1 K 8:17 and it was with (i.e. in) the heart of David my father to build, = 2 Ch 6:7 cf. 1 K 8:18(×2) 1 Ch 22:7; 2 Ch 6:8(×2); 24:4; also 1 K 10:2 = 2 Ch 9:1; (b) be with, sq. אֶת, subj. י׳, אלהים, Gn 21:20; 39:2, 21 but also c. human subj. וּבָנָיו הָיוּ אֶת־מִקְנֵהוּ Gn 34:5, cf. 1 S 29:3 +; (c) sq. לְ of possessor כֶּרֶם הָיָה לִידִדִי Is 5:1 a vineyard had my beloved, Gn 30:30 cf. Ex 20:3 = Dt 5:7, Ju 18:27; 1 S 9:2; 1 K 5:6 + often (cf. I. 2 d, f, h); (d) sq. לְ + other prep.: of boundary וַיְהִי לָהֶם הַגְּבוּל מֵעֲרוֹעֵר Jos 13:16, cf. וַיְהִי גְבוּלָם מִמַּחֲנַיִם v 30; וַיְהִי לָהֶם הַגְּבוּל לִפְאַת צָפוֹנָה מִיַּרְדֵּן 18:12, etc.; (e) sq. בְּ be among, or of, Am 1:1 who was one of the herdsmen, 1 K 2:7 let them be among those eating, Pr 22:26; 23:20. 5. periphrastic conjug.: a. היה + pt., of continuous state, or condition, sometimes, especially late (cf. NH), of habit, c. וַיְה��י also of beginning and continuance (cf. Dr§ 135, (5)): pt. act. Gn 39:22 (J), Ex 3:1 (E), 1 S 2:11; 7:10; 18:9 (cf. Dr) v 14, 29 2 S 8:15 = 1 Ch 18:14, Dt 28:29; Is 30:20; 1 K 5:1, 15, 24 2 K 6:5; 9:14; 2 Ch 9:26; Ezr 4:4; Ne 1:4, 2:13; Dn 1:16 +; Gn 1:6 (P); הָיָה יָרֵא אֶת־י׳ 1 K 18:3; 2 K 4:1; 2 Ch 26:1; pt. pass. Jos 10:26; 1 K 13:24; 22:35 וְהַמֶּלֶךְ הָיָה מָעֳמָד בַּמֶּרְכָּבָה (‖ 2 Ch 18:34 הָיָה מַעֲמִיד), Is 2:2 = Mi 4:1, וְהָיָה סָגוּר Ez 44:2, ה׳ נַעֲשֶׂה Ne 5:18, וְאָהוּב לֵאלֹהָיו ה׳ 13:26;—on 2 S 13:32 cf. Dr b. sq. Inf. c. לְ (Dr§ 203, 204): וְהָיָה לְבָעֵר Is 5:5 and it shall be to burn (is to be, is destined to be burned) etc.; וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לָבוֹא Gn 15:12 and the sun was about to set; וַיְהִי הַשַּׁעַר לִסְגּוֹר Jos 2:5 and the gate was about to be shut; but also וַיְהִי לִדְרשׁ אֱלֹהִים 2 Ch 26:5 (nearly = וַיְהִי + Pt.) †Niph. Pf. נִהְיָה 1 K 1:27 + 6 times + Mi 2:4 (cf. infr. ad fin.); 3 fs. נִהְיְתָה Ju 19:30 + 5 times, נִהְיָ֑תָה Ex 11:6 Je 48:19, וְנִהְיָ֑תָה consec. Ez 39:8 + 21:12 (del. B Codd 𝔊 Co); 2 ms. נִהְיֵיתָ Dt 27:9; 1 s. נִהְיֵיתִי Dn 8:27; Pt. fs. נִהְיָה Pr 13:19;— 1. became c. ל Dt 27:9. 2. either, be done, or, come to pass: in the strong expressions אֲשֶׁר כָּמֹהוּ לֹא נ׳ וְכָמֹהוּ לֹא תֹסִף Ex 11:6 (J) a cry such as hath not occurred (been raised), and will not be again, cf. Dt 4:32 (be done; ‖ נִשְׁמַע), & Ju 19:30 (‖ נִרְאֲתָה);—but simply intrans. Jo 2:2; Dn 12:1 & appar. Ez 21:12 (‖ בָּאָ֫ה; on text, however, v. supr.) 39:8 (‖ id.);—also אֵיכָה נִהְיְתָה הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת Ju 20:3 how hath this wickedness been done? cf. v 12 Je 5:30; 48:19 also Ne 6:8; c. לֹא, existence denied לֹא נ׳ Zc 8:10 (‖ אֵינֶ֑נָּה); in all the above (except Jo 2:2; Dn 12:1 & Ez 21:12; 39:8) personal agency is clearly implied; it is expressed מֵאֵת אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ נ׳ הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה 1 K 1:27, so of divine agency (מֵאִתִּי) 1 K 12:24 = 2 Ch 11:4; further be attained, secured, of wages Zc 8:10 (c. לֹא, ‖ אֵינֶ֑נָּה); תַּאֲוָה נִהְיָה Pr 13:19 a desire come to pass, realized. 3. be done, finished, gone, only Dn וּשְׁנָתוֹ נִהְיְתָה עָלָיו Dn 2:1 and his sleep was finished upon him, i.e. left him (cf. Aramaic Dn 6:19); נִהְיֵיתִי 8:27 I came to an end, was exhausted (si vera l., del. 𝔊; ‖ נֶחֱלֵיתִי); נִהְיָה, in וְנָהָה נְהִי נִהְיָה Mi 2:4, is dub.; it is done, over, the ruin is come RobGes Ew Hi Ca Che RVm;? ZAW 1866, 122 f. cf. JBL1890, 74.77.

εἰμί (sum), Aeolic dialect ἔμμι Refs 7th c.BC+; Cretan dialect ἠμί Refs; 2nd pers. singular εἶ, Epic dialect and Ionic dialect εἰς Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect and Doric dialect ἐσσί Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἐστί, Doric dialect ἐντί Refs 3rd c.BC+; 3rd.pers. dual ἐστόν Refs 5th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural ἐσμέν, Epic dialect and Ionic dialect εἰμέν (also in Refs 5th c.BC+, Doric dialect εἰμές Refs 3rd c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἰσί (-ίν), Epic dialect and Ionic dialect ἔασι (-ιν) Refs 8th c.BC+, Doric dialect ἐντί Refs 5th c.BC+, Epic dialect and Lyric poetry also in middle form ἔσσο Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἔστω (ἤτω LXX+5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ἔστωσαν, but ἔστων Refs 8th c.BC+, and early Attic dialect Inscrr., Refs 2nd c.BC+subjunctive ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, Epic dialect ἔω Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἔῃ Refs 8th c.BC+, also Boeotian dialect ἔνθω Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect 3rd.pers. plural ὦντι Refs, Boeotian dialect ἴωνθι Refs 6th c.BC+, -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. Refs; 3rd.pers. dual εἴτην Refs 5th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural εἶμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; 2nd pers. plural εἶτε Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἶεν Refs 8th c.BC+; Elean ἔα, ={εἴη}, Refs 6th c.BC+infinitive εἶναι, Refs 4th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἔμμεναι (also Aeolic dialect ἔμμεν᾽ Refs 7th c.BC+; Doric dialect εἶμεν Foed. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+participle ὤν, Epic dialect ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Refs 5th c.AD+; Boeotian dialect feminine ἰῶσα Refs, Aeolic dialect and Doric dialect feminine ἔσσα Refs 7th c.BC+ (also Ionic dialect, Refs 5th c.BC+; nominative singular εἴς in Refs 7th c.BC+: imperfect ἦν Refs 8th c.BC+ (also Aeolic dialect, Refs 7th c.BC+ (uncertain in Aeolic dialect, Refs 7th c.BC+ is required by metre in Refs 8th c.BC+, whence Hom.and later Ionic dialect ἔᾱ Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular ἦεν, always with ν in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔην as 1st pers. singular, only Refs 8th c.BC+; 2nd pers. singular ἦσθα, later ἦς (which is variant in NT+5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἦν, Epic dialect ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (see. above), Doric dialect and Aeolic dialect ἦς Refs 7th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. dual ἤστην Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect 1st pers. plural ἦμες Refs 1st c.AD+; 2nd pers. plural ἦτε Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ἦσαν, Ionic dialect and poetical ἔσαν (in Refs 8th c.BC+, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, see below see, but is 3rd.pers. plural in Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect ἔον NT+5th c.BC+, 2nd pers. singular ἦσο Refs, 3rd.pers. singular ἦστο Refs, 1st pers. plural ἤμεθα NT+3rd c.BC+; subjunctive ὦμαι Refs 2nd c.BC+; Ionic dialect and Epic dialect also ἔσκον, used by Refs 4th c.BC+future ἔσομαι, ἔσται, Epic dialect and Aeolic dialect also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσετα; Aeolic dialect 2nd pers. singular ἔσσῃ probably in Refs 8th c.BC+, infinitive ἐσσεῖσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ —All forms of the present indicative are enclitic (except 2nd pers. singular εἶ and 3rd.pers. plural ἔασι); but 3rd.pers. singular is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ᾽, Hdn.Gr.Refs; later Grammars wrote ἔστι as substantive Verb, Refs 9th c.AD+ __A as the substantive Verb, __A.I of persons, exist, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ᾽ ἔσσεται Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔτ᾽ εἰσί they are still in being,Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκέτ᾽ ἐστί he is no more, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲ δὴν ἦν he was not long-lived, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, οἱ οὐκ ὄντες, of those who are no more, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ὄντες the living, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὁ ὤν the LXX+8th c.BC+; ἐσσόμενοι posterity,Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ἂν εἶεν ἅνθρωποι might continue in being, Refs 5th c.BC+; of things, εἰ ἔστι ἀληθέως [ἡ τράπεζα] Refs 5th c.BC+; of cities, ὄλωλεν, οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ Τροία Refs 5th c.BC+; δοκεῖ μοι Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἂν ᾖ τὸ στράτευμα be in existence, Refs 4th c.BC+; of money, to be in hand, τῶν ὄντων χρημάτων καὶ τῶν προσιόντων Refs; τὰ ὄντα property, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐσόμενον ἐκ.. future revenue from.., Refs 1st c.BC+; of place, τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν the local church, NT; of time, τοῦ ὄντος μηνός in the current month, Refs; in office, ἱερέων τῶν ὄντων Refs 2nd c.BC+; αἱ οὖσαι [ἐξουσίαι] the powers that be, Ep. Rom.Refs __A.II of the real world, be, opposed to become, γίγνεται πάντα ἃ δή φαμεν εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ὄν Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τὸ μὴ ὄν, LXX+5th c.BC+; τὰ ὄντα the world of things, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄνindeclinable, τῶν ὂν εἰδῶν species of Being, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __A.II.2 of circumstances, events, etc., to happen, τά τ᾽ ἐόντα, τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ᾽ ἐόντα Refs 8th c.BC+; τῆς προδοσίας οὔσης since treachery was there, Refs; ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ so long as it last, Refs; τί ἐστι; what is it? what's the matter? Refs 5th c.BC+; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτ; how came it to pass? Refs 5th c.BC+ things are as they are, i.e. are ill, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.III be the fact or the case, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι ἤ ἐστιν twice as large as it really is, Refs 5th c.BC+; αὐτὸ ὅ ἐστι καλόν beauty in its essence, Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently in participle, τὸν ἐόντα λόγον λέγειν or φαίνειν the true story, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι tell the truth,Refs 5th c.BC+; σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν, λόγον οὐκ ὄντα, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ ὄντι in reality, in fact, Refs 5th c.BC+; to apply a quotation to a case in point, τῷ ὄντι κλαυσίγελως real 'smiles through tears' (with allusion to Refs 8th c.BC+; κατὰ τὸ ἐόν according to the fact, rightly, Refs 5th c.BC+; πᾶν τὸ ἐόν the whole truth, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.IV followed by the relative, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς or ὅστις no one, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὃς.. ἀπαλάλκοι Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκ ἔ. ὅτῳ, ={οὐδενί}, Refs 4th c.BC+, = Latin sunt qui, used exactly like{ἔνιοι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστὶν ἃ χωρία, πολίσματα, Refs 5th c.BC+; the singular Verb is used even with masculine and feminine plural, ἐστὶν οἵ, αἵ, Refs 5th c.BC+; more frequently in oblique cases, ποταμῶν ἐστὶ ὧν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστὶ παρ᾽ οἷς, ἐστὶν ἐν οἷς, Refs 5th c.BC+, = Latin est ubi, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ὅπῃ, ἔσθ᾽ ὅπου, somehow, somewhere, Refs 5th c.BC+; in questions expecting a negative answer, ἐ. ὁπόθεν, ὅπω; Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἔ. ὅπως οὐ in any case, necessarily, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ὅτε, ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε, sometimes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.V ἦν is sometimes used with plural masculine and feminine, usually at the beginning of a sentence, there was, τῆς δ᾽ ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦν δ᾽ ἀμφίπλεκτοι κλίμακες Refs 5th c.BC+; ἦν ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι ταλακάρδιοι epigram cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; before dual Nouns, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.VI ἔστι impersonal, with infinitive, it is possible, ἔστι γὰρ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; εἴ τί πού ἐστι (i.e. πιθέσθαι)Refs 5th c.BC+; so in imperative, optative, and subjunctive, ἔστω ἀποφέρεσθαι τῷ βουλομένῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; followed by ὥστε with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, ἁδόντα δ᾽ εἴη με τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ὁμιλεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: sometimes not impersonal in this sense, θάλασσα δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἦν ἰδεῖν Refs __A.VI.b ἔστω in argument, let it be granted, ἔστω τοῦτο ἀληθὲς εἶναι Refs 4th c.BC+ __B most frequently, to be, the Copula connecting the predicate with the Subject, both being in the same case: hence, signify, import, τὸ γὰρ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστίν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the phrase τοῦτ᾽ ἔστι, hoc est; Σκαιόλαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ Λαϊόν Refs 1st c.AD+ twice five are ten, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναί τις or τι, to be somebody, something, be of some consequence, see at {τι; οὐδὲν εἶναι} Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 periphrastic with the Participle to represent the finite Verb: with perfect participle once in Refs 8th c.BC+; so in Trag. and Attic dialect, ἦν τεθνηκώς, for ἐτεθνήκει, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔσται δεδορκώςRefs 5th c.BC+: with aorist participle, once in Refs 8th c.BC+; so προδείσας εἰμί, οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσε; Refs 5th c.BC+: with present participle, ἦν προκείμενον Refs 5th c.BC+; τί δ᾽ ἐστί.. φέρο; Refs 5th c.BC+ — if the _Article_ is joined with the Part., the noun is made emphatic, Κᾶρές εἰσι οἱ καταδέξαντες the persons who showed her were Carians, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C εἶναι is frequently modified in sense by the addition of adverbs, or the cases of Nouns without or with Preps.: __C.I εἶναι with adverbs, where the adverb often merely represents a Noun and stands as the predicate, ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀκέων, ἀκήν εἶναι, to be silent,Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀσφαλέως ἡ κομιδὴ ἔσται will go on safely, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐγγύς, πόρρω εἶναι, Refs 5th c.BC+ it fared ill with them, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.II with genitive, to express descent or extraction, πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.II.b to express the material of which a thing is made, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων consists of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; τοιούτων ἔργων ἐστὶ ἡ τυραννίς is made up of.., Refs.ή, etc. __C.II.c to express the class to which a person or thing belongs, εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων you are one of them, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν it is in the class of disgraceful things, i. e. it is disgraceful, Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.II.d to express that a thing belongs to another, Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσαν Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, to be of the party of, ἦσαν.. τινὲς μὲν φιλίππου, τινὲς δὲ τοῦ βελτίστου Refs 4th c.BC+; to be de pendent upon, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be at the mercy of, ἔστι τοῦ λέγοντος, ἢν φόβους λέγῃ Refs __C.II.e to express one's duty, business, custom, nature, and the like, οὔτοι γυναικός ἐστι 'tis not a woman's part, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστίν is matter of art, requires art, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.II.f in LXX, to be occupied about, ἦσαν τοῦ θύειν LXX; ἔσεσθαι, with genitive, to be about to, ἐσόμεθα τοῦ σῶσαί σε LXX __C.III with the dative, ἐστί μοι I have, frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.III.2 with two datives., σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀθηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα that they and the Athenians have nothing to do one with another, Refs 5th c.BC+; more shortly, σοί τε καὶ τούτοισι πρήγμασι τί ἐστ; Refs 5th c.BC+; τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάν; Refs 4th c.BC+; τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σο; Latin quid tecum est mihi? NT; also ἐμοὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους (i.e. ἐστίν) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔσται αὐτῳ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, in tomb inscriptions, Refs __C.III.3 with ἄσμενος, βουλόμενος, etc., added, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη 'twould be to my delight, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.IV with Preps., εἶναι ἀπό τινος, ={εἶναί τινος}Refs 5th c.BC+; but εἶναι ἀπ᾽ οἴκου to be away from.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.2 εἶναι ἔκ τινος to be sprung from, εἴμ᾽ ἐκ Παιονίης, Μυρμιδόνων ἔξ εἰμι, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔστιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης it is of necessity, i. e. necessary, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.3 εἶναι ἐν.. to be in a certain state, ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἀθυμία, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐν ἀξιώματι to be in esteem, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν τέλεϊ ἐόντες those in office, Refs 5th c.BC+; but εἶναι ἐν τέχνῃ, ἐν φιλοσοφία to be engaged in.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.3.b ἐν σοί ἐστι it depends on thee, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.4 εἶναι διά.., much like{εἶναι ἐν}.., εἶναι διὰ φόβου, ={φοβεῖσθαι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι δι᾽ ὄχλου, ={ὀχληρὸν εἶναι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι δι᾽ αἰτίας, ={αἰτιᾶσθαι}, Refs 1st c.BC+; Geometry texts, pass through, διὰ τᾶς ἑτέρας διαμέτρου ἐόντος τοῦ ἐπιπέδου Refs 3rd c.BC+ __C.IV.5 εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῆς to be by oneself, Refs 4th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐπὶ ὀνόματος to bear a name, Refs; εἶναι ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν to be engaged in.., Refs; εἶναι ἐπί τινα to be against him, Refs; εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑξήκοντα στάδια to reach sixty stadia, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὰς ἁφάς pass through the points of contact, Refs 2nd c.AD+; εἶναι ἐπί τινι, see above 3 b. __C.IV.6 εἶναι πρός τινος to be in one's favour, Refs 5th c.BC+; to suit, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι πρός τινι engaged in, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοις mind one's own affairs, Refs 4th c.BC+; πρὸς τὸ πονεῖνRefs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.7 εἶναι παρά τινι or τινα, = παρειναι, Refs 5th c.BC+ (assuming variant). __C.IV.8 εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τινι to be subject to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.9 περὶ τούτων ἐστίν that is the question, Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.IV.10 εἶναι ἀπό.., in Geometry texts, to be constructed upon, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __D ἐστί is very frequently omitted, mostly in the present indicative before certain predicates, as ἀνάγκη, ἄξιον, δυνατόν, εἰκός, ἕτοιμον, οἷόν τε, ῥᾴδιον, χρεών, etc., and after the neuter of Verbals in -τέος, and such forms as θαυμαστὸν ὅσον: less frequently with other persons and moods, εἰμί omitted, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶ, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐσμέν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστέ, Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰσί, Refs 5th c.BC+; subjunctive ᾖ, Refs 8th c.BC+; optative εἴη, Refs; imperfect ἦν, Refs; future ἔσονται, Refs 8th c.BC+ __E the Inf. frequently seems redundant, __E.1 in phrases implying power or will to do a thing, ἑκὼν εἶναι (see. ἑκών) κατὰ δύναμιν εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, quantum in illis esset, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ τήμερον, τὸ νῦν εἶναι, Refs 4th c.BC+ __E.2 after Verbs of naming or choosing, σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; of giving, δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι Refs 8th c.BC+ __F imperfect ἦνissts. used where other languages take the present, __F.1 after ἄρα, to express a fact which is and has always been the same, δέρμα δὲ ἀνθρώπου.. ἦν ἄρα σχεδὸν δερμάτων πάντων λαμπρότατον human skin then it appears is.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ἄρ᾽ ἦσθ᾽ ἐμὸς πατὴρ ὀρθῶςRefs 3rd c.BC+; so also when there is reference to a past thought, τουτὶ τί ἦ; what is this? Refs 5th c.BC+, used to express the essential nature of a thing, where τί ἦν (for ἐστί) takes the place of the dative in such phrases as τὸ ἀγαθῷ εἶναι, τὸ μεγέθει εἶναι, Refs __G ἐγώ εἰμι, in LXX

הֲוָא, הֲוָה, vb. come to pass, become, be (BH הָיָה);— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. הֲוָה Dn 4:26 +, הֲוָא Dn 5:19 +; 3 fs. הֲוַת Dn 2:35 הֲוָת Dn 7:19; 2 ms. הֲוַיְתָ Dn 2:31, 34; 1 s. הֲוֵית 4:1 +; 3 mpl. הֲווֹ Dn 2:35 +; Impf. 3 ms. לֶהֱוֵא (K§ 47, 1) b) Dr§ 204 Obs. NöM215 ff.; cf.D§ 61, 1 c) Dn 2:20 +; 3 fs. תֶּהֱוֵה Dn 4:24 +, א—ֵ Ezr 6:8 +, 3 mpl. לֶהֱוֹן Ezr 6:10 + 6 times, 3 fpl. לֶהֶוְיָן Dn 5:17; Imv. mpl. הֱווֹ Ezr 4:22, הֲווֹ 6:6;— 1. come to pass Dn 2:28, 29(×2), 45. 2. come into being, arise Ezr 7:23; become, come to be, c.n.pred. Dn 4:24; 5:29 and (= represent) 7:23; c. כְּ like 2:35a, c. ל pred. v 35b, c. adj. pred. Ezr 6:6, c. adv. phr. 5:5 Dn 4:22; often periphrast., c. pt.: יְדִיעַ לה׳ let it become known 3:18 Ezr 4:12, 13; 5:8; so let it be given 6:8, 9, also 7:26 Dn 2:20. 3. be, as copula, c. adj. pred. Dn 2:40, 42; 7:19; so very often in periphrast. conj. c. pt., ה׳ צָבֵא wish 5:19(×4), חָזֵה ה׳ behold 2:31, 34; 7:2, 4, 6 +, etc

ὑπάρχω, future __A -ξωRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ὑπῆρξα (see. below Refs:—passive, future ὑπαρχθήσομαι Refs 3rd c.AD+perfect ὕπηργμαι, Ionic dialect -αργμαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—begin, take the initiative:—Constr.: __A.1 absolutely, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ ὑπάρξας the beginner (in a quarrel), Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 with genitive, take the initiative in, begin, ἀδίκων ἔργων, ἀδικίης, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.3 with participle, take the initiative in doing, ἐμὲ ὑπῆρξαν ἄδικα ποιεῦντες Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑπάρχει εὖ (or κακῶς) ποιῶν τινα Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀμύνεσθαι οἷσπερ καὶ οἱ Λκεδαιμόνιοι ὑπῆρξαν retaliating by the means which the L. had used first, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.3.b in middle with infinitive, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __A.4 with accusative, ὑ. εὐεργεσίας εἴς τινα or τινι take the initiative in [doing] kindnesses to one, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὑ. τοῦτο (i.e. τὸ εὐνοεῖν) Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, ὑπηρεσίαι ὑπηργμέναι εἰς Φίλιππον αὑτῷ Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ ἔκ τινος ὑπαργμένα (Ionic dialect for ὑπηργ-) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄξιον τῶν ὑ. equivalent to what was done for him, Refs 4th c.BC+ a beginning of it had been made, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B in active only, to be the begining, παιδοβόροι μὲν πρῶτον ὑπῆρξαν μόχθοι τάλανες Refs 4th c.BC+; πολλῶν κακῶν, μεγάλων ἀχέων, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 to be already in existence, πημονῆς δ᾽ ἅλις γ᾽ ὑπάρχει Refs 4th c.BC+was already there, Refs 5th c.BC+; αὗται αἱ νέες τοῖσι Ἀθηναίοισι ὑπῆρχον already existed, opposed to to those they were about to build, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ τοίνυν σφι χώρη γε μηδεμία ὑπῆρχε if they had no country originally existing, Refs; χωρὶς δὲ τούτων οἱ χίλιοι ὑπῆρχον the original thousand existed, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑμῖν.. ἐλευθερίαν τε ὑπάρχειν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ξυμμάχοις κεκλῆσθαι there is in store for you.., Refs 5th c.BC+ there is store of these things for us to have, Refs 4th c.BC+participle, ἡ ὑπάρχουσα οὐσία the existing property, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῆς ὑ. τιμῆς for the current price, Syngr. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; οἱ ὑ. πολῖται the existing citizens, Refs; τῆς φύσεως ὑ. nature being what it is, Refs 5th c.BC+; also κρησφύγετόν τι ὑπάρχον εἶναι that there should be a refuge ready prepared, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 exist really, opposed to φαίνομαι, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.4 simply, be, τοῖσιν ἄγουσιν κλαύμαθ᾽ ὑπάρξει Refs 5th c.BC+: and with a predicate, θησαυρὸς ἄν σοι παῖς ὑπῆρχ᾽ οὑμός Refs 5th c.BC+; φύσεως ἀγαθῆς ὑπάρξαι to be of a good natural disposition, Refs 5th c.BC+; μέγα ὑ. τοῖς τοιούτοις λόγοις ις of great advantage to them, Refs 4th c.BC+; πολλῶν ὑπάρξει κῦρος ἡμέρα καλῶν, ={κυρώσει πολλὰ καλά}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.4.b τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, much like{τὰ ὑπηργμένα} Refs 4th c.BC+, a man's record, ἀνάξιον τῶν ὑ. τῇ πόλει καὶ πεπραγμένων τοῖς προγόνοις Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ὑ. your past record, Refs; ἡ ὑπάρχουσα αἰσχύνη the disgrace which has been incurred, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.5 sometimes with a participle, much like{τυγχάνω, τοιαῦτα [αὐτῷ] ὑπῆρχε ἐὀντα} Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.6 προγόνων ὑ. τῶν ἐξ Ἰλίου to be the descendant of.., Refs 1st c.BC+ __B.II like{ὑπόκειμαι} Refsto be laid down, to be taken for granted, Refs 5th c.BC+; τούτου ὑπάρχοντος, τούτων ὑπαρχόντων, this being granted, Refs __B.III belong to, fall to one, accrue, ὑπάρξει τοι.. τὰ ἐναντία you will have, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἀμφοτέροις [σωτηρίαν] Refs; ἡ ὑπάρχουσα φύσις your proper nature, its normal condition, Refs; τῇ τέχνῃ ὑπάρχειν διδούς assigning as a property of art, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.2 of persons, ὑ. τινί to be devoted to one, Refs 5th c.BC+; καθ᾽ ὑμῶν ὑπάρξων ἐκείνῳ he will be on his side against you, Refs __B.III.2.b ἐν παντὶ.. πᾶς χωρίῳ, καὶ ᾧ μὴ ὑπάρχομεν every one in every place, even outside our sphere of influence (literal to which we do not belong), Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.3 in the Logic of Refs 4th c.BC+ denotes the subsistence of qualities in a subject, Refs; ὑ. τινί, ={κατηγορεῖσθαί τινος}, Refs; ὑ. κατά τινοςRefs; ἐπί τινοςRefs; ὑπάρξει τι [τῷ πρώτῳ] it will have predicates, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __B.IV frequently in neuter plural participle, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, __B.IV.1 in signification Refsexisting circumstances, presentadvantages, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τὰ ὑ.Refsunder the circumstances, according to one's means, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.IV.2 in signification Refspossessions, resources, Refs; τὰ ἑκατέροις ὑ.Refs 5th c.BC+: as a substantive, τὰ ὑ. αὐτοῦ LXX+NT; ὑποθέμενος τὰ ὑ. καὶ ὑπάρξοντα present and future resources, Refs 6th c.AD+ __B.IV.3 in Mathematics texts, ὑπάρχοντα εἴδη positive terms, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __B.V impersonal, ὑπάρχει the fact is that.., with accusative et infinitive, ὑ. γάρ σε μὴ γνῶναί τινα Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ὑ. τοῦ ἔχειν.. as the case stands with regard to having, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.V.2 it is allowed, it is possible, with dative et infinitive, ὑ. ἡμῖν ἐπικρατεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: also without a dative, οὐχ ὑ. εἰδέναι Refs 5th c.BC+ as well as was possible, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.V.3 in neuter participle, ὑπάρχον ὑμῖν πολεμεῖν since it is allowed you to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C to be ὕπαρχος or subordinate colleague, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __C.II uncertain in the sense of ἄρχω, rule; for Refs 5th c.BC+, where the Refs 5th c.BC+

† [הָוָה] vb. become (Arabic هَوَى to fall (v. הָוָא), also to gape or yawn, and to desire (cf. הַוָּה): cf. FlDe Jb 6:2; Aramaic הֲוָא, ܗܘܳܐ the usual word for to be (prob. orig. to fall out, accidit, hence come to pass, come to be, γίγνεσθαι), Mish. id. very common) a rare syn. of הָיָה q.v.:— Qal Impf. apoc. יְהוּא Ec 11:3 (for יְהוּ with א otiosum; Ges§ 75 R. I 3 e Kön p. 597 f.; but Gr. plausibly הוּא); Imv. ms. הֱוֵה Gn 27:29, fs. הֱוִי Is 16:4, Pt. הֹוֶה Ec 2:22; Ne 6:6:—Gn 27:29 הֱוֵה גְבִיר לְאַחֶיךָ become lord to thy brethren, Is 16:4 (perhaps in imit. of Moab. dialect) הֱוִי סֵתֶר לָמוֹ become thou (Zion) a defence to them, Ec 2:22; 11:3; Ne 6:6.

προϋπ-άρχω, take the initiative in a thing, with genitive, ἀδικίας Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν, τῆς ἔχθρας, Refs 5th c.BC+: with neuter adjective, π. τι ἔς τινα Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, τὰ προϋπηργμένα εἰς αὑτόν benefits formerly received, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II intransitive, exist before, be pre-existent, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ νόμοι οἱ προϋπάρχοντες Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ τῶν σωμάτων αὔξησις ἐκ προϋπαρχόντων ἐστίν from pre-existent materials, Refs 4th c.BC+; προϋπάρξαντα things that happened before, past events, variant for{πρὶν ὑπ}. in Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ προϋπάρχοντα former possessions, Refs 1st c.AD+; οἱ π. ὕπατοι the previous consuls, Refs 2nd c.BC+perfect passive, τὰ προϋπηργμένα antecedents, Refs 4th c.BC+; οἰκειότης, χάρις προϋπηργμένη, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 with genitive, προϋπάρχειν δεῖ τὸ κινοῦν τοῦ κινουμένου must exist before.. , Refs 4th c.BC+; to be logically prior, μέθοδος πασῶν προϋπάρχουσα καὶ κυριωτέρα Refs 2nd c.AD+

εἰμί (sum), Aeolic dialect ἔμμι Refs 7th c.BC+; Cretan dialect ἠμί Refs; 2nd pers. singular εἶ, Epic dialect and Ionic dialect εἰς Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect and Doric dialect ἐσσί Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἐστί, Doric dialect ἐντί Refs 3rd c.BC+; 3rd.pers. dual ἐστόν Refs 5th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural ἐσμέν, Epic dialect and Ionic dialect εἰμέν (also in Refs 5th c.BC+, Doric dialect εἰμές Refs 3rd c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἰσί (-ίν), Epic dialect and Ionic dialect ἔασι (-ιν) Refs 8th c.BC+, Doric dialect ἐντί Refs 5th c.BC+, Epic dialect and Lyric poetry also in middle form ἔσσο Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἔστω (ἤτω LXX+5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ἔστωσαν, but ἔστων Refs 8th c.BC+, and early Attic dialect Inscrr., Refs 2nd c.BC+subjunctive ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, Epic dialect ἔω Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἔῃ Refs 8th c.BC+, also Boeotian dialect ἔνθω Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect 3rd.pers. plural ὦντι Refs, Boeotian dialect ἴωνθι Refs 6th c.BC+, -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. Refs; 3rd.pers. dual εἴτην Refs 5th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural εἶμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; 2nd pers. plural εἶτε Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural εἶεν Refs 8th c.BC+; Elean ἔα, ={εἴη}, Refs 6th c.BC+infinitive εἶναι, Refs 4th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἔμμεναι (also Aeolic dialect ἔμμεν᾽ Refs 7th c.BC+; Doric dialect εἶμεν Foed. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+participle ὤν, Epic dialect ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Refs 5th c.AD+; Boeotian dialect feminine ἰῶσα Refs, Aeolic dialect and Doric dialect feminine ἔσσα Refs 7th c.BC+ (also Ionic dialect, Refs 5th c.BC+; nominative singular εἴς in Refs 7th c.BC+: imperfect ἦν Refs 8th c.BC+ (also Aeolic dialect, Refs 7th c.BC+ (uncertain in Aeolic dialect, Refs 7th c.BC+ is required by metre in Refs 8th c.BC+, whence Hom.and later Ionic dialect ἔᾱ Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular ἦεν, always with ν in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔην as 1st pers. singular, only Refs 8th c.BC+; 2nd pers. singular ἦσθα, later ἦς (which is variant in NT+5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἦν, Epic dialect ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (see. above), Doric dialect and Aeolic dialect ἦς Refs 7th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. dual ἤστην Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect 1st pers. plural ἦμες Refs 1st c.AD+; 2nd pers. plural ἦτε Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ἦσαν, Ionic dialect and poetical ἔσαν (in Refs 8th c.BC+, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, see below see, but is 3rd.pers. plural in Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect ἔον NT+5th c.BC+, 2nd pers. singular ἦσο Refs, 3rd.pers. singular ἦστο Refs, 1st pers. plural ἤμεθα NT+3rd c.BC+; subjunctive ὦμαι Refs 2nd c.BC+; Ionic dialect and Epic dialect also ἔσκον, used by Refs 4th c.BC+future ἔσομαι, ἔσται, Epic dialect and Aeolic dialect also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσετα; Aeolic dialect 2nd pers. singular ἔσσῃ probably in Refs 8th c.BC+, infinitive ἐσσεῖσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ —All forms of the present indicative are enclitic (except 2nd pers. singular εἶ and 3rd.pers. plural ἔασι); but 3rd.pers. singular is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ᾽, Hdn.Gr.Refs; later Grammars wrote ἔστι as substantive Verb, Refs 9th c.AD+ __A as the substantive Verb, __A.I of persons, exist, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ᾽ ἔσσεται Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔτ᾽ εἰσί they are still in being,Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκέτ᾽ ἐστί he is no more, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲ δὴν ἦν he was not long-lived, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, οἱ οὐκ ὄντες, of those who are no more, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ὄντες the living, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὁ ὤν the LXX+8th c.BC+; ἐσσόμενοι posterity,Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ἂν εἶεν ἅνθρωποι might continue in being, Refs 5th c.BC+; of things, εἰ ἔστι ἀληθέως [ἡ τράπεζα] Refs 5th c.BC+; of cities, ὄλωλεν, οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ Τροία Refs 5th c.BC+; δοκεῖ μοι Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἂν ᾖ τὸ στράτευμα be in existence, Refs 4th c.BC+; of money, to be in hand, τῶν ὄντων χρημάτων καὶ τῶν προσιόντων Refs; τὰ ὄντα property, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐσόμενον ἐκ.. future revenue from.., Refs 1st c.BC+; of place, τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν the local church, NT; of time, τοῦ ὄντος μηνός in the current month, Refs; in office, ἱερέων τῶν ὄντων Refs 2nd c.BC+; αἱ οὖσαι [ἐξουσίαι] the powers that be, Ep. Rom.Refs __A.II of the real world, be, opposed to become, γίγνεται πάντα ἃ δή φαμεν εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ὄν Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τὸ μὴ ὄν, LXX+5th c.BC+; τὰ ὄντα the world of things, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄνindeclinable, τῶν ὂν εἰδῶν species of Being, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __A.II.2 of circumstances, events, etc., to happen, τά τ᾽ ἐόντα, τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ᾽ ἐόντα Refs 8th c.BC+; τῆς προδοσίας οὔσης since treachery was there, Refs; ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ so long as it last, Refs; τί ἐστι; what is it? what's the matter? Refs 5th c.BC+; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτ; how came it to pass? Refs 5th c.BC+ things are as they are, i.e. are ill, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.III be the fact or the case, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι ἤ ἐστιν twice as large as it really is, Refs 5th c.BC+; αὐτὸ ὅ ἐστι καλόν beauty in its essence, Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently in participle, τὸν ἐόντα λόγον λέγειν or φαίνειν the true story, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι tell the truth,Refs 5th c.BC+; σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν, λόγον οὐκ ὄντα, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ ὄντι in reality, in fact, Refs 5th c.BC+; to apply a quotation to a case in point, τῷ ὄντι κλαυσίγελως real 'smiles through tears' (with allusion to Refs 8th c.BC+; κατὰ τὸ ἐόν according to the fact, rightly, Refs 5th c.BC+; πᾶν τὸ ἐόν the whole truth, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.IV followed by the relative, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς or ὅστις no one, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὃς.. ἀπαλάλκοι Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκ ἔ. ὅτῳ, ={οὐδενί}, Refs 4th c.BC+, = Latin sunt qui, used exactly like{ἔνιοι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστὶν ἃ χωρία, πολίσματα, Refs 5th c.BC+; the singular Verb is used even with masculine and feminine plural, ἐστὶν οἵ, αἵ, Refs 5th c.BC+; more frequently in oblique cases, ποταμῶν ἐστὶ ὧν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστὶ παρ᾽ οἷς, ἐστὶν ἐν οἷς, Refs 5th c.BC+, = Latin est ubi, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ὅπῃ, ἔσθ᾽ ὅπου, somehow, somewhere, Refs 5th c.BC+; in questions expecting a negative answer, ἐ. ὁπόθεν, ὅπω; Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἔ. ὅπως οὐ in any case, necessarily, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ὅτε, ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε, sometimes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.V ἦν is sometimes used with plural masculine and feminine, usually at the beginning of a sentence, there was, τῆς δ᾽ ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦν δ᾽ ἀμφίπλεκτοι κλίμακες Refs 5th c.BC+; ἦν ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι ταλακάρδιοι epigram cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; before dual Nouns, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.VI ἔστι impersonal, with infinitive, it is possible, ἔστι γὰρ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; εἴ τί πού ἐστι (i.e. πιθέσθαι)Refs 5th c.BC+; so in imperative, optative, and subjunctive, ἔστω ἀποφέρεσθαι τῷ βουλομένῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; followed by ὥστε with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, ἁδόντα δ᾽ εἴη με τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ὁμιλεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: sometimes not impersonal in this sense, θάλασσα δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἦν ἰδεῖν Refs __A.VI.b ἔστω in argument, let it be granted, ἔστω τοῦτο ἀληθὲς εἶναι Refs 4th c.BC+ __B most frequently, to be, the Copula connecting the predicate with the Subject, both being in the same case: hence, signify, import, τὸ γὰρ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστίν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the phrase τοῦτ᾽ ἔστι, hoc est; Σκαιόλαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ Λαϊόν Refs 1st c.AD+ twice five are ten, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναί τις or τι, to be somebody, something, be of some consequence, see at {τι; οὐδὲν εἶναι} Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 periphrastic with the Participle to represent the finite Verb: with perfect participle once in Refs 8th c.BC+; so in Trag. and Attic dialect, ἦν τεθνηκώς, for ἐτεθνήκει, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔσται δεδορκώςRefs 5th c.BC+: with aorist participle, once in Refs 8th c.BC+; so προδείσας εἰμί, οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσε; Refs 5th c.BC+: with present participle, ἦν προκείμενον Refs 5th c.BC+; τί δ᾽ ἐστί.. φέρο; Refs 5th c.BC+ — if the _Article_ is joined with the Part., the noun is made emphatic, Κᾶρές εἰσι οἱ καταδέξαντες the persons who showed her were Carians, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C εἶναι is frequently modified in sense by the addition of adverbs, or the cases of Nouns without or with Preps.: __C.I εἶναι with adverbs, where the adverb often merely represents a Noun and stands as the predicate, ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀκέων, ἀκήν εἶναι, to be silent,Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀσφαλέως ἡ κομιδὴ ἔσται will go on safely, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐγγύς, πόρρω εἶναι, Refs 5th c.BC+ it fared ill with them, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.II with genitive, to express descent or extraction, πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.II.b to express the material of which a thing is made, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων consists of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; τοιούτων ἔργων ἐστὶ ἡ τυραννίς is made up of.., Refs.ή, etc. __C.II.c to express the class to which a person or thing belongs, εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων you are one of them, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν it is in the class of disgraceful things, i. e. it is disgraceful, Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.II.d to express that a thing belongs to another, Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσαν Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, to be of the party of, ἦσαν.. τινὲς μὲν φιλίππου, τινὲς δὲ τοῦ βελτίστου Refs 4th c.BC+; to be de pendent upon, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be at the mercy of, ἔστι τοῦ λέγοντος, ἢν φόβους λέγῃ Refs __C.II.e to express one's duty, business, custom, nature, and the like, οὔτοι γυναικός ἐστι 'tis not a woman's part, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστίν is matter of art, requires art, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.II.f in LXX, to be occupied about, ἦσαν τοῦ θύειν LXX; ἔσεσθαι, with genitive, to be about to, ἐσόμεθα τοῦ σῶσαί σε LXX __C.III with the dative, ἐστί μοι I have, frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.III.2 with two datives., σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀθηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα that they and the Athenians have nothing to do one with another, Refs 5th c.BC+; more shortly, σοί τε καὶ τούτοισι πρήγμασι τί ἐστ; Refs 5th c.BC+; τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάν; Refs 4th c.BC+; τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σο; Latin quid tecum est mihi? NT; also ἐμοὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους (i.e. ἐστίν) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔσται αὐτῳ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, in tomb inscriptions, Refs __C.III.3 with ἄσμενος, βουλόμενος, etc., added, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη 'twould be to my delight, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.IV with Preps., εἶναι ἀπό τινος, ={εἶναί τινος}Refs 5th c.BC+; but εἶναι ἀπ᾽ οἴκου to be away from.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.2 εἶναι ἔκ τινος to be sprung from, εἴμ᾽ ἐκ Παιονίης, Μυρμιδόνων ἔξ εἰμι, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔστιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης it is of necessity, i. e. necessary, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.3 εἶναι ἐν.. to be in a certain state, ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἀθυμία, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐν ἀξιώματι to be in esteem, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν τέλεϊ ἐόντες those in office, Refs 5th c.BC+; but εἶναι ἐν τέχνῃ, ἐν φιλοσοφία to be engaged in.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.3.b ἐν σοί ἐστι it depends on thee, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.4 εἶναι διά.., much like{εἶναι ἐν}.., εἶναι διὰ φόβου, ={φοβεῖσθαι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι δι᾽ ὄχλου, ={ὀχληρὸν εἶναι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι δι᾽ αἰτίας, ={αἰτιᾶσθαι}, Refs 1st c.BC+; Geometry texts, pass through, διὰ τᾶς ἑτέρας διαμέτρου ἐόντος τοῦ ἐπιπέδου Refs 3rd c.BC+ __C.IV.5 εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῆς to be by oneself, Refs 4th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐπὶ ὀνόματος to bear a name, Refs; εἶναι ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν to be engaged in.., Refs; εἶναι ἐπί τινα to be against him, Refs; εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑξήκοντα στάδια to reach sixty stadia, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὰς ἁφάς pass through the points of contact, Refs 2nd c.AD+; εἶναι ἐπί τινι, see above 3 b. __C.IV.6 εἶναι πρός τινος to be in one's favour, Refs 5th c.BC+; to suit, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶναι πρός τινι engaged in, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοις mind one's own affairs, Refs 4th c.BC+; πρὸς τὸ πονεῖνRefs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.7 εἶναι παρά τινι or τινα, = παρειναι, Refs 5th c.BC+ (assuming variant). __C.IV.8 εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τινι to be subject to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.IV.9 περὶ τούτων ἐστίν that is the question, Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.IV.10 εἶναι ἀπό.., in Geometry texts, to be constructed upon, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __D ἐστί is very frequently omitted, mostly in the present indicative before certain predicates, as ἀνάγκη, ἄξιον, δυνατόν, εἰκός, ἕτοιμον, οἷόν τε, ῥᾴδιον, χρεών, etc., and after the neuter of Verbals in -τέος, and such forms as θαυμαστὸν ὅσον: less frequently with other persons and moods, εἰμί omitted, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἶ, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐσμέν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστέ, Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰσί, Refs 5th c.BC+; subjunctive ᾖ, Refs 8th c.BC+; optative εἴη, Refs; imperfect ἦν, Refs; future ἔσονται, Refs 8th c.BC+ __E the Inf. frequently seems redundant, __E.1 in phrases implying power or will to do a thing, ἑκὼν εἶναι (see. ἑκών) κατὰ δύναμιν εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, quantum in illis esset, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ τήμερον, τὸ νῦν εἶναι, Refs 4th c.BC+ __E.2 after Verbs of naming or choosing, σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι Refs 5th c.BC+; of giving, δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι Refs 8th c.BC+ __F imperfect ἦνissts. used where other languages take the present, __F.1 after ἄρα, to express a fact which is and has always been the same, δέρμα δὲ ἀνθρώπου.. ἦν ἄρα σχεδὸν δερμάτων πάντων λαμπρότατον human skin then it appears is.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ἄρ᾽ ἦσθ᾽ ἐμὸς πατὴρ ὀρθῶςRefs 3rd c.BC+; so also when there is reference to a past thought, τουτὶ τί ἦ; what is this? Refs 5th c.BC+, used to express the essential nature of a thing, where τί ἦν (for ἐστί) takes the place of the dative in such phrases as τὸ ἀγαθῷ εἶναι, τὸ μεγέθει εἶναι, Refs __G ἐγώ εἰμι, in LXX

εἰσί, 3rd.pers. plural of εἰμί (sum). εἶσι, 3rd.pers. singular of εἶμι (ibo). εἰσῐδεῖν, Epic dialect εἰσιδέειν, aorist infinitive of εἰσεῖδο; see at {εἰσοράω}.

† [הָוָא] vb. fall (Arabic هَوَى id. e.g. of a star Qor 53:1)— Qal Imv. Jb 37:6 for he saith to the snow הֱוֵא־אָ֑רֶץ Fall earthwards (an Arabizing usage).