H3708a H3708a
Vexation, grief, or provocation; the inner anguish of the wronged or the anger stirred by idolatry.
Ka'as sits at the crossroads of grief and anger -- it names the gnawing inner pain that comes from being wronged, the provocation that kindles divine fury, and the sharp indignation that flares in response. Hannah's rival provoked her severely, and the narrator calls it ka'as (1 Sam 1:6, 16), a word that captures both the torment she felt and the malice that caused it. The Deuteronomistic historians chose this same noun when cataloguing Israel's idolatries that 'provoked' the LORD (1 Kgs 15:30; 2 Kgs 23:26), while the Wisdom writers use it for the everyday frustration of dealing with a fool (Prov 12:16; 27:3). Spanish 'enojo/pesar,' French 'chagrin,' and German equivalents all hover between sorrow and anger, mirroring the Hebrew ambiguity.
Senses
1. vexation, grief, sorrow — Inner vexation, grief, or sorrow -- the emotional distress that settles on someone who has been hurt or disappointed. Hannah's anguished prayer rises from her ka'as (1 Sam 1:16), and the psalmist's eye wastes away 'from grief' (Ps 6:7; 31:9). French 'chagrin' and Spanish 'pesar' both capture this inward, suffering dimension. Ecclesiastes 1:18 pairs it with knowledge: more insight brings more sorrow. 8×
AR["الغَمُّ","الغَمِّ","بِالْغَيْظِ","كَعَس","مِنَ-الغَيْظِ","وَ-الغَيْظَ","وَ-غَيْظِي","وَغَمٌّ"]·ben["এবং-আমার-দুঃখের","এবং-দুঃখ","এবং-দুঃখকে","দুঃখ","দুঃখে","দুঃখে-থেকে","রাগ"]·DE["[וכעס]","[כעס]","in-grief","und-mein-grief","und-vexation","von-grief"]·EN["and-my-grief","and-vexation","from-grief","in-grief","vexation"]·FR["chagrin","dans-chagrin","de-chagrin","et-chagrin","et-mon-grief"]·heb["ב-כעס","ו-כעס","ו-כעסי","כעס","מ-כעס"]·HI["और-क्रोध","और-खेद","और-दर्द","क्रोध","खेद","शोक-से","से-शोक"]·ID["dan-kedukaan","dan-kesedihanku","dan-kesusahan","karena-kesedihan","kesedihan","kesusahan"]·IT["dolore","e-dolore","e-irritazione","e-mio-grief","irritazione"]·jav["amargi-sedhih","lan-kasusahan-kula","lan-sekel","saha-sedhih","saking-sedhih","sedhih","sekel"]·KO["그리고-나-의-슬픔","그리고-슬픔","그리고-슬픔-을","슬픔","슬픔-으로"]·PT["de-ira","de-pesar","desgosto","e-a-provocação","e-desgosto","e-minha-aflição","é-desgosto"]·RU["досаду","и-досада","и-огорчение","и-скорби-моей","от-огорчения","от-скорби","печаль","скорби"]·ES["de-pesar","enojo","ira","y-enojo","y-mi-provocación","y-pena"]·SW["hasira","huzuni","kwa-huzuni","na-hasira","na-uchungu","na-uchungu-wangu"]·TR["keder","kederden","kederden-","ve-keder","ve-kederi","ve-öfkem"]·urd["-غم-سے","اور-اپنے-غم","اور-غم","غصہ","غم"]
2. provocation, cause of anger — Provocation, the act or occasion of stirring someone to anger, especially in the Deuteronomistic formula where Israel's idolatry 'provokes' God. The construct chain ka'as qorbanam (Ezek 20:28) -- 'the provocation of their offering' -- makes the idol-sacrifice itself the irritant. Spanish 'provocacion' and French 'provocation' translate this sense directly. Key passages: Deuteronomy 32:19, 27; 1 Kings 15:30; 21:22. 8×
AR["إِغَاظَةَ","ال-غَضَبِ","الإِغَاظَاتِ","بِ-إِغْظَابِهِ","غَضَبٌ","غَيْظًا","غَيْظُ","مِنْ-غَيْظِ"]·ben["অপরাধগুলি","উৎসর্গের-তাদের","ক্রোধ","ক্রোধের-কারণে","জ্বালাতন","তাঁর-ক্রোধে","দুঃখ"]·DE["[כעס]","der-provocation","der-provocations","mit-sein-provocation","provocation","provocation-von","von-provocation-von"]·EN["from-provocation-of","provocation","provocation-of","the-provocation","the-provocations","with-his-provocation"]·FR["avec-son-provocation","chagrin","de-provocation-de","le-provocation","le-provocations","provocation","provocation-de"]·heb["ב-כעסו","ה-כעס","ה-כעסים","כעס","מ-כעס"]·HI["क्रोध","में-क्रोध-उस-के","में-क्रोध-से","ह-कअसीम"]·ID["Kesedihan","dengan-kemarahannya","karena-kemarahan","kejengkelan","kemarahan","sakit-hati"]·IT["[כעס]","con-suo-provocazione","da-provocation-di","il-provocations","il-provocazione","irritazione","provocation-di","provocazione"]·jav["bebendu","deduka","duka","kasusahan","mawi-duka","saking-jengkel","sakit"]·KO["그-노여움들","그-노하게-함","노여움(접)","노여움의","분노","분노이니라","에-그의-진노로","에서-노여움(접)"]·PT["Provocação","a-provocação","as-provocações","em-sua-provocação","por-provocação-de","provo-cação-de","provocação","provocação-de"]·RU["гнев","гневом-своим","досада","огорчением","огорчения","от-досады","там"]·ES["Enojo","con-su-provocación","la-provocación","la-provocación-de","las-provocaciones","por-la-provocación-de","provocación","provocación-de"]·SW["hasira","hasira-ya","kuchokoza","kwa-hasira","kwa-hasira-yake","makasiriko","uchokozi-wa","uchungu"]·TR["kızgınlıkla","kızgınlıktır","kızgınlığı","kızgınlığından-","tahrik-edici","öfke","öfkelendirmelerin-","öfkesiyle"]·urd["اپنے-غصے-سے","غصہ","غصہ-دلانے-والی","غصے-سے","غصے-کو","غضبوں"]
3. anger, indignation, wrath — Active anger, indignation, or wrath directed outward -- not the cause of anger but anger itself as a burning emotion. Proverbs 12:16 warns that a fool's ka'as is 'known at once,' and Psalm 85:4 asks God to cease his ka'as toward his people. German and French renderings oscillate between 'Zorn' and 'chagrin,' reflecting how quickly grief can curdle into fury. Key passages: Proverbs 21:19; 27:3; Ecclesiastes 7:9. 5×
AR["سَخَطَكَ","غَضَبُهُ","لِتَغْضَبَ","وَ-غَضَبٍ","وَ-غَيْظُ"]·ben["এবং-ক্রোধের","কিন্তু-রাগ","ক্রোধ","তার-ক্রোধ","তোমার-বিরক্তি"]·DE["[וכעס]","[כעס]","[כעסו]","dein-Entrüstung"]·EN["and-vexation","anger","but-vexation-of","his-anger","your-indignation"]·FR["chagrin","comme-chagrin","et-chagrin","son-chagrin-lui"]·heb["ו-כעס","כעס","כעסו","כעסך"]·HI["अपना-क्रोध","और-क्रोधी","और-चिढ़","क्रोध"]·ID["dan-pemarah","kemarahan","kemarahan-Mu","kemarahannya","tetapi-kejengkelan"]·IT["dolore","e-irritazione","irritazione","irritazione-suo"]·jav["duka-Panjenengan","lan-nesu","murka","nanging-kasusahan-saking","nesu"]·KO["그-의-분노-가","그러나-분노가","그리고-성내는","당신-의-노여움-을","성냄"]·PT["a-tua-indignação","e-irritação-de","e-provocação","ira","ira-dele"]·RU["а-досада","гнев","гнев-свой","досаду-Твою","и-гневливой"]·ES["e-ira","e-ira-de","enojo","enojo-de-ti","enojo-de-él"]·SW["hasira","hasira-yake","lakini-hasira-ya","na-mwenye-hasira","uchungu-wako"]·TR["fakat-öfkesi","hosnnutsuzluğunu","ofke","ve-öfkeli","öfkesi-onun"]·urd["اور-غصہ","اور-غضبناک","اپنا-غصّہ","غصہ","غصہ-اُس-کا"]
Related Senses
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† כַּ֫עַס n.m. vexation, anger;—כ׳ Dt 32:27 + 13 times; כָּ֑עַס Pr 21:19 Ec 1:18; sf. כַּעְסִי 1 S 1:16 כַּעַסְךָ ψ 85:5, כַּעְסוֹ Pr 12:16 1 K 15:30; pl. כְּעָסִים 2 K 23:26.—vexation: 1. of men, especially caused by unmerited treatment, 1 S 1:6, 16 Pr 12:16; 17:25; 21:19; 27:3 Ec 7:9. 2. vexation, anger of Yahweh (caused especially by worship of other gods) 1 K 15:30; 21:22 2 K 23:26; כ׳…