In classical Greek, this noun could denote temperament or disposition broadly, but in the New Testament its semantic range narrows to intense anger and wrath. It describes both the settled, righteous fury of God against sin—'the wrath to come' (Matt 3:7; Luke 3:7)—and the passionate anger of human beings (Mark 3:5, where Jesus looks around 'with anger'). Paul develops the theological dimension extensively: God's wrath is revealed against all ungodliness (Rom 1:18), and believers are saved from wrath through Christ (Rom 5:9). Every major translation language renders it with a single strong term: Spanish 'ira,' French 'colere,' German 'Zorn'—all pointing to an emotion of fierce displeasure rather than mere annoyance.