An adverb that confirms assertions with the force of 'truly,' 'surely,' or 'indeed.' Homer and classical authors use it to strengthen statements, often in oaths and solemn declarations. It can appear alone or combine with other particles (ἦ ἄρα, ἦ μήν) for added emphasis. In asseverations and oaths it underlines the certainty of what follows: 'truly, I swear to help you.' Sometimes it carries concessive force: 'it is true that…' or 'although…' The particle never appears in the form ἦε—always ἦ. Its simple presence intensifies conviction.