Writing and Scripture

כָּתַב223 vb. write (NH id.; Ph. כתב; Aramaic כְּתַב, ܟܬܰܒ; Nab. כתב, v. especially Nö in EutNab. p. 43; thence Arabic كَتَبَ, Ethiopic ክታብ: book, Di Lex. 852 (as loan-wds., Frä 249 DHM VOJ i (1887), 29); MV Buhl comp. Arabic كَتَبَ draw or sew together, conjoin (letters), etc., cf. Fl ZMG 1873, 427)— Qal Pf. כ׳ Jos 8:32 +, כָּתַבְתָּ Je 36:6 +, sf. וּכְתַבְתָּם consec. Dt 6:9; 11:20, etc. (Pf. 27 times); Impf. יִכְתֹּב Is 44:5, וַיִּכְתֹּב Ex 24:4 +, etc. (Impf. 39 times); Imv. כְּתֹב Is 8:1 + 5 times, כְּתָב־ Ex 34:27 + 2 times; sf. כָּתְבָהּ Is 30:8, כָּתְבֵם Pr 3:3; 7:3; pl. כִּתְבוּ Dt 31:9 + 3 times; Inf. abs. כָּתוֹב Je 32:44; cstr. כְּתוֹב ψ 87:6, לִכְתֹּב Dt 31:24 Jos 18:8; sf. כָּתְבוֹ Je 45:1; Pt. act. כֹּתֵב Je 36:18, pl. כֹּתְבִים Je 32:12 Ne 10:1; pass. (113 times), כָּתוּב Jos 1:8 +, f. כְּתוּבָה 2 S 1:18 +, pl. כְּתוּבִים 1 K 15:7 +, כְּתֻבִים 1 K 11:41 +; fpl. כְּתוּבוֹת 2 Ch 34:24;— 1. write: a. c. acc., words Ex 34:27, commandments 24:12, etc., acc. cogn. מכתב Ex 39:30, cf. כַּמִּכְתָּב Dt 10:4; with כְּ, giving purport of writing, also Est 8:8; but obj. also a book, סֵפֶר Ex 32:32 Dt 24:1; מְגִלָּה Je 38:6, cf. pt. pass., וְהִיא כְּתוּבָה פָּנִים וְאָחוֹר Ez 2:10 (of מגלה; i.e. written on both sides); a letter, סֵפֶר 2 S 11:14 2 K 10:1 + 4 times, אִגֶּרֶת 2 Ch 30:1; a divorce-certificate סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻת Dt 24:1, etc.; even לֻחֹת כְּתֻבִים tablets inscribed by the finger of God Ex 31:18 cf. Dt 9:10; ל׳ כ׳ מִשְּׁנֵי עֶבְרֵיהֶם Ex 32:15 tables inscribed on both sides (cf. Ez 2:10 supr.) Here belongs (prob.) וְזֶה יִכְתֹּב יָדוֹ לי׳ Is 44:5 and this one shall inscribe his hand, ‘Yahweh’s,’ so 𝔊 Hi Kn Che Br Du Di, > Ges Ew De, shall sign (with) his hand unto י׳. b. more often write something on, or in (עַל־ 85 times, בְ 44 times, אֶל־ 3 times) a tablet, roll, book, etc. (obj. various, as above):—(1) כ׳ עַל־ sq. סֵפֶר = book Dt 17:18 + 55 times, especially in phr. כתובים על־ספר דברי וגו׳ 1 K 11:41 + often K Ch; כ׳ עַל־מְגִלָּה Je 36:2, 28, 32; 36:29; כ׳ עַל־לוּח(ות) Ex 34:1 + 7 times, עַל־אֶבֶן Dt 27:3 + 2 times, עַל־גִּלָּיוֹן Is 8:1; עַל־מְזֻזוֹת בַּיִת Dt 6:9; 11:20; עַל־מַטֶּה on a rod Nu 17:17, 18; עַל־עֵץ Ez 37:16(×2), עַל־צִיץ (high priest’s plate) Ex 39:30; even (only Ch) עַל־ sq. name of book or its contents:—כ׳ עַל־דִּבְרֵי נָתָן 2 Ch 9:29 cf. 33:19; עַל־מִדְרַשׁ וגו׳ 24:27; עַל־הַקִּינוֹת 35:25; fig., כ׳ עַל־לִבָּם Je 31:33 I will write them upon their heart; cf. כ׳ עַל־לוּחַ לִכֶּ֑ךָ Pr 3:3. (2) כ׳ אֶל־ appears for כ׳ עַל־ only Je 36:2 cf. Ez 2:10, Je 51:60. (3) כ׳ בְּ sq. ספר = book Jos 24:26 (E) + 35 times; = letter, bill, deed, 1 K 21:9 + 5 times; בִּמְגִלַּת סֵפֶר כָּתוּב עָלָ֑י ψ 40:8 it is prescribed to me, על as 2 K 22:13 (N. B. כ׳ על־ not used with סֵפֶר = letter, and כ׳ בְּ not used with לוּחַ, אבן or עֵץ). c. other uses of prep. with כ׳ are:—בְּ instr., כ׳ בְּחֶרֶט אֱנוֹשׁ Is 8:1, כ׳ בְּעֵט בַּרְזֶל Je 17:1; כְּתֻבִים בְּאֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִים Dt 9:10 Ex 31:18; כ׳ אֶל־ unto, of person to whom letter, etc., is addressed 2 S 11:14 2 K 10:6 Est 9:23; עַל־ subst. for אֶל־ (late) 2 Ch 30:1 Ezr 4:7 Est 8:8; the fuller construction is (אֶל־) כ׳ ספר וישׁלח 2 K 10:1 Est 8:10; 9:20 +; כ׳ אֶל־ write down for the benefit or use of some one, Ju 8:14; לְ to or for, Dt 17:18; 24:1 +; note especially אֶכְתָּו֯ב־לוֹ רֻבֵּו֯ תּוֹרָתִי Ho 8:12, i.e. either, I write (keep writing) for them ever so many (We, רֹב, cf. رُبّ; Ew and most רִבּוֹ(א) a myriad) of my directions, or ‘Though I write,’ ‘Were I to write,’ etc.; כ׳ sq. ל c. inf. of purpose 2 Ch 32:17 Est 8:5; c. מִן in phr. כ׳ מִפִּי פ׳ write from the mouth of any one, i.e. from dictation, †Je 36:2, 32; 38:6, 17, 27; 45:1. 2. = write down, describe in writing, כ׳ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ Jos 18:4, 6, 8(×2), 9. 3. = register, enroll Is 10:19 (= record the number), 1 Ch 24:6; especially pass. הַכְּתוּבִים Nu 11:26 those enrolled cf. Ne 12:22; הַכּ׳ בְּשֵׁמוֹת 1 Ch 4:41 those recorded by name; in prediction, כ׳ אֶת־הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה עֲרִירִי Je 22:30 register this man as childless; with eschatol. reference, כַּל־הַכָּתוּב לַחַיִּים Is 4:3 all those enrolled (i.e. appointed) unto life; and, more explicitly, כָּל־הַנִּמְצָא כָּתוּב בַּסֵּפֶר Dn 12:1; י׳ יִסְפֹּר בִּכְתוֹב עַמִּים ψ 87:6 י׳ shall reckon, when he registers (note absence of suffix) the peoples, etc. 4. = decree, תִּכְתֹּב עָלַי מְרֹרוֹת Jb 13:26 thou (י׳) decreest against me bitter things. †Niph. (chiefly late, especially Est.), Impf. יִכָּתֵב Est 1:19 +, 3 fs. תִּכָּ֫תֶב זֹאת ψ 102:19; 3 mpl. יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Je 17:13 + 3 times, יִכָּֽתְבוּן Jb 19:23; Pt. נִכְתָּב Est 3:12 + 2 times;— 1. be written, subj. words, Jb 19:23, book Mal 3:16; be written בְּסֵפֶר Est 2:23; 9:23, in, or among (ב) the laws Est 1:19; once, c. עַל־, עַל־סִפְרְךָ כֻּלָּם יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ ψ 139:16 in thy (י׳’s) book all of them (my members) are written, i.e. written down, recorded (v. infr.); abs. כְּתָב אֲשֶׁר נִכְתָּב בְּשֵׁם הַמֶּלֶךְ Est 8:8 a writing which is written in the king’s name, cf. (impers.) 3:12; impers. also וַיִּכָּתֵב כְּכָל־אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה Est 3:12; 8:9; יִכָּ׳ sq. לְ = for ψ 102:19; sq. לְ + inf. (really = a subject-cl.,—the contents of the letter) Est 3:9; 8:5. 2. be written down, recorded, Ezr 8:34; enrolled, בִּכְתָב בית ישׂראל לֹא יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Ez 13:9 in the enrolment of the house of Israel they are not enrolled (eschatolog.); וְעִם־צַדִּיקִים אַל־יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ ψ 69:29 (‖ חַיִּים יִמָּחוּ מִסֵּפֶר).—בָּאָרֶץ יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Je 17:13 is difficult; Gie reads, plausibly, מֵאֶרֶץ יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ (cf. ψ 34:17; 101:8, etc.) †Pi. frequent., Pf. and Pt., only כִּתֵּ֑בוּ וּמְכַתְּבִים עָמָל Is 10:1 and busy writers that make a business of writing oppression (i.e. register unjust sentences, cf. Qal 4; ‖ הַחֹקֲקִים חִקֲקֵי־אָוֶן).

γράφω [ᾰ], future -ψωRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἔγραψα, Epic dialect γράψα Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect γέγραφα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, future γράψομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐγραψάμην Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future γρᾰφήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: aorist ἐγράφην [ᾰ], Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect γέγραμμαι (also in middle sense, see near the end), 3rd.pers. singular ἔγραπται Refs 3rd c.AD+; participle ἐγραμμένος or ἠγρ- Refs 1st c.AD+: 3rd.pers. plural γεγράφαται Refs, Doric dialect γεγράβανται Refs: pluperfect ἐγέγραπτο Refs 5th c.BC+: 3rd.pers. plural ἐγεγράφατο Refs 8th c.BC+ only in aorist active:—scratch, graze, αἰχμὴ γράψεν οἱ ὀστέον ἄχρις Refs 8th c.BC+; γράψας ἐν πίνακι πτυκτῷ θυμοφθόρα πολλά having marked or drawn signs thereon, Refsrepresent by lines, draw, paint, Refs 5th c.BC+; γῆς περιόδους γ. draw maps, Refs 5th c.BC+; ζῷα γ., ={ζωγραφεῖν} (which see), Refs 2nd c.AD+:—middle, ζῷα γράφεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, εἰκὼν γεγραμμένη Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in Mathematics texts, describe a figure, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2.b of a point or line in motion, generate a figure, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 brand, mark, Refs 3rd c.AD+ —passive in form γεγράφαταιRefs __II express by written characters, write, τι Refs 5th c.BC+; γ. τινὶ ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+; γ. τινί, with infinitive, Refs 3rd c.BC+; γ. τι εἰς διφθέρας Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς ὕδωρ, ἐν ὕδατι, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, πόθι φρενὸς γέγραπται in what leaf of memory it is written, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 inscribe, γ. εἰς σκῦλα, εἰς στήλην, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, γράφεσθαί τι to be inscribed with a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+have my name inscribed, Refs; ἐν τῷ προσώπῳ γραφεὶς τὴν συμφοράν having it branded on his forehead, Refs 5th c.BC+; γεγραμμένα κωκύουσαν, of the hyacinth, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3 write down, γ. τινὰ αἴτιον set him down as the cause, Refs 5th c.BC+; γ. τι ἱερόν τινι register as.., Refs 5th c.BC+; in magic, invoke a curse upon, Refs; γ. τινὰ κληρονόμον, ἐπίτροπον, institute by a written document, Refs 5th c.BC+; register, enrol, ἐμὲ γράφε τῶν ἱππεύειν ὑπερεπιθυμούντων Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ Κρέοντος προστάτου γεγράψομαι, as a dependent of Cr., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 γ. τινί write a letter to one, γ. σοὶ ἵνα εἰδῇς Refs 2nd c.BC+, etc.; εἴς τινα Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5 γ. περί τίνος write on a subject, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴς τινα against.., Refs 3rd c.AD+; πρός τινα address a work to.., Refs; describe, οἱ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν γραφόμενοι καιροί Refs 2nd c.BC+; especially of Prose, opposed to ποιεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6 write down a law to be proposed: hence, propose, move, γνώμην, νόμον, ψήφισμα, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; γ. πόλεμον, εἰρήνην, Refs: with infinitive, σὺ γράφεις ταῦτ᾽ εἶναι στρατιωτικά Refs; enact, νόμοι οὓς τὸ πλῆθος συνελθὸν ἔγραψε Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, παρὰ τὰ γραφέντα δρᾶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7 prescribe, ordain, πότμος ἔγραψε Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.8 ὁ γράφων τὸν Ὀξυρυγχίτην (i.e. νομόν) the secretary for the nome of Oxyrhynchus, Refs 1st c.AD+; τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ γράφοντι τὸν νομόν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B middle, write for oneself or for one's own use, note down, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐγραψάμην ὑπομνήματα I wrote me down some memoranda, Refs 5th c.BC+; cause to be written, συγγραφήν Refs 4th c.BC+; γ. πρόσοδον πρὸς τὴν βουλήν petition for a hearing before the Council, Refs __B.2 enrol oneself, γράψασθαι φυλῆς καὶ δήμου καὶ φρατρίας Refs 5th c.BC+; but also Refs 4th c.BC+ enrol me as one of your disciples, Refs __B.3 as law-term, γ. τινά to indict one, τινός for some public offence, e.g. τῆς αἰσχροκερδείας, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, γ. τινὰ ἀδικεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+ the prosecutors, Refs 5th c.BC+; also γράφεσθαί τι indict an act, i. e. the doer of it, as criminal, ἐγράψατο τὴν Χαβρίου δωρειάν he brought a γραφὴ παρανόμων against the person who proposed the grant to Chabrias, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ χάριν τούτων ἀποδοῦναι παρανόμων γράφει (2nd pers. singular) Refs __B.3.b passive, to be indicted, γραφεὶς ἀπέφυγον Refs 4th c.BC+; τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα ἐγράφη παρανόμων was indicted as illegal, Refs 4th c.BC+; ψηφίσματα ὑπὸ τούτου οὐδὲ γραφέντα not even indicted, Refs 4th c.BC+ if this decree had not been proposed, as passive of Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ γεγραμμένα the articles of the indictment, Refs; τὸ γεγραμμένον the penalty named in the indiclment, Refs —but γέγραμμαι usually takes the sense of the middle, indict, Refs 5th c.BC+

† יָשָׁר adj. straight, right;—י׳ 1 S 29:6 + 70 times; cstr. יְשַׁר Pr 29:27; f. יְשָׁרָה Ez 1:7 + 4 times; pl. יְשָׁרִים Nu 23:10 + 31 times; cstr. יִשְׁרֵי ψ 7:11 + 8 times; f. יְשָׁרוֹת Ez 1:23 (del. Co);— 1. straight, level, of a way Is 26:7 Je 31:9 ψ 107:7 Ezr 8:21; foot Ez 1:7; wings v 23 (? v. supr.) 2. right, pleasing: a. to God, הַיָּשָׁר בעיני that which is right, pleasing in the eyes of, agreeable to (either cstr. before י׳, or with sfs. referring to him), especially in Deut. writers, Ex 15:26 (R), Dt 12:25; 13:19; 21:9 1 K 11:33, 38; 14:8, 15:5, 11; 22:43 = 2 Ch 20:32, 2 K 10:30, 12:3; 14:3; 15:3, 34; 16:2; 18:3; 22:2 = 2 Ch 24:2; 25:2; 26:4; 27:2; 28:1; 29:2; 34:2, Je 34:15; הישׁר והטוב בעיני י׳ Dt 6:18; הטוב והישׁר בעיני י׳ 12:28 2 Ch 14:1; הטוב והישׁר והאמת לפני י׳ 31:20. b. to man, (ה)ישׁר בעיני Dt 12:8 Ju 17:6; 21:25 2 S 19:7 Je 40:5 Pr 12:15; 21:2; (ה)טוב ו(ה)ישׁר בעיני Jos 9:25 (D), Je 26:14; 40:4; יֵשׁ דֶּרֶךְ יָשָׁר לִפְנֵי־אִישׁ Pr 14:12 there is a way which is pleasing before a man = 16:25. 3. straightforward, just, upright: a. of God, צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוּא Dt 32:4 (song); טוב וישׁר י׳ ψ 25:8; ישׁר י׳ 92:16; his ways Ho 14:10; his משׁפטים Ne 9:13 ψ 119:137; פִּקּוּדִים 19:9; דָּבָר 33:4; the words of divine wisdom Pr 8:9. b. of man, God made him upright Ec 7:29; but יָשָׁר בָּאָדָם אָ֑יִן Mi 7:2 an upright man among men there is none, and yet Job is תָּם וְיָשָׁר Jb 1:1 (v. Da), v 8; 2:3, cf. ψ 37:37; זַךְ וישׁר Jb 8:6; so earlier of David as an uprightman 1 S 29:6; of man’s doings ‖ זַךְ Pr 20:11, cf. 21:8; of his way of life ‖ טובה 1 S 12:23; יְשַׁר־דֶּרֶךְ Pr 29:27; יִשְׁרִי־דֶרֶךְ ψ 37:14; of his heart, mind, and will, יִשְׁרֵי לֵבָב upright of heart 2 Ch 29:34; רִשְׁרֵי־לֵב ψ 7:11; 11:2; 32:11; 36:11; 64:11; 94:15; 97:11; יְשָׁרִים בְּלִבּוֹתָם 125:4. c. as a noun, (1) with ref. to things, יָשָׁר הֶעֱוֵיתִי the right I have perverted Jb 33:27; הַיְשָׁרָה יְעַקֵּ֑שׁוּ Mi 3:9 pervert the right (lit. twist that which is straight); דֹּבֵר יְשָׁרִים speaketh right things Pr 16:13, cf. 2 K 10:15. (2) more commonly of men, in sg. (ה)יָשָׁר Mi 2:7; 7:4 2 K 10:3 Pr 21:29 Jb 23:7; collective, ψ 11:7; also in סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר book of the upright Jos 10:13 2 S 1:18 (cf. 1 K 8:53 𝔊; DrIntr. 182), a collection of ancient national poetry; in pl. יְשָׁרִים the upright, of pious Israel Nu 23:10 (song E); elsewhere of the upright among the people of God as distinguished from the wicked, in WisdLt, Jb 4:7; 17:8 Pr 2:7, 21; 3:32; 11:3, 6, 11; 12:6; 14:9, 11; 15:8, 19; 16:17; 21:18; 28:10; 29:10, in late ψψ 33:1; 49:15; 107:42; 111:1; 112:2, 4; 140:14 and Dn 11:17. 4. abstr., uprightness, בֶּאֱמֶת וְיָשָׁר ψ 111:8 (Thes), but read rather ישֶׁר with Hi Ri Bae, after 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Jer.

Included with: ἀναγιγνώσκω, later ἀναγῑνώσκω: __I Epic dialect only in aorist 2 ἀνέγνων, __I.1 know well, know certainly, οὐ γάρ πώ τις ἑὸν γόνον αὐτὸς ἀνέγνωRefs 8th c.BC+ __I.1.b perceive, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __I.2 know again, recognize, Refs 8th c.BC+, acknowledge, own, ἀναγνῶναι τοὺς συγγενέαςRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist passive once in Refs 5th c.BC+ __II after Refs 8th c.BC+, future ἀναγνώσομαι uncertain in Refs: aorist 2 ἀνέγνων, Cretan dialect 3rd.pers.plural subjunctive -γνῶντιRefsperfect ἀνέγνωκα:—passive, future -γνωσθήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἀνεγνώσθηνRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἀνέγνωσμαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—of written characters, know them again, and so, read, first in Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀναγνώσεται (i.e. ὁ γραμματεύς) Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, οἱ ἀναγιγνώσκοντες students, Refs 1st c.AD+ ἀ. παρά τινι Ἀριστοτέλους τὰ περὶ ψυχῆς attend lectures on Refs 4th c.BC+ —passive, τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἀνεγνωσμένα books read aloud, hence, published, opposed to τὰ ἀνέκδοτα, Lycon cited in Refs 3rd c.AD+ __III Ionic dialect usage, causal, mostly in aorist ἀνέγνωσα, induce one to do a thing, τούτους.. ἀναγνώσας ἕπεσθαιRefs 5th c.BC+; infinitive is omitted, ὡς ἀνέγνωσε when he had persuaded him, Refs: once in present, ἀναγιγνώσκεις στρατεύεσθαι βασιλέαRefs; persuade, convince, ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ —aorist passive, ἀνεγνώσθην to be persuaded to do a thing, with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+: without infinitive, ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς ἀναγνωσθείςRefs: pluperfect passive, ὡς οὗτοι.. οἱ ἀνεγνωσμένοι ἦσανRefs: rare in Attic dialect, ὑπὸ τῶν κυρίων ἀναγιγνωσκόμενονRefs 5th c.BC+

מִקְרָא23 n.m. Ex 12:16 convocation, convoking, reading;—מ׳ abs. Is 1:13; Ne 8:8; cstr. Ex 12:16 +; pl. cstr. מִקְרָאֵי Lv 23:2 +; sf. מִקְרָאֶהָ (Ges§ 91 k) Is 4:5;— 1. convocation, sacred assembly Is 1:13 (after קְרֹא), 4:5; usually explicitly מ׳ קֹדֶשׁ, term. techn. in P for religious gathering on Sabbath and certain sacred days, Ex 12:16(×2) + 14 times Lv 23; Nu 28, 29, + (pl.) Lv 23:2, 4, 37. 2. (n. verbi, as Aramaic Inf., Ges§ 45 e, cf. 115d) convoking, מ׳ הָעֵדָה Nu 10:2. 3. reading Ne 8:8.

† כְּתַב vb. write (v. BH);— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. כ׳ Dn 6:26 ל pers. + orat. rect., 7:1 acc. rei; 3 mpl. כְּתַ֫בוּ Ezr 4:8 acc. אִגְּרָה; 1 pl. נִכְתּוּב 5:10, acc. rei; Pt. act. abs. fs. כָּֽתְבָה Dn 5:5, subj. יְדָא, fpl. כָּֽתְבָן v 5, subj. אֶצְבְּעָן. Peʿîl (WCG 224) Pf. 3 ms. כִּדְנָה כְּתִיב Ezr 5:7 thus (it) was written, so כֵּן כ׳ 6:2.

† רְשַׁם vb. inscribe, sign (𝔗 Syriac; v. BH (once, late));— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. ר׳ Dn 6:10; 2 ms. רְשַׁ֫מָתָּ v 13, רְשַׁ֑מְתָּ v 14; Impf. 2 ms. (וְ)תִרְשֻׁם v 9;—inscribe (prob. with one’s name, i.e.) sign, acc. כְּתָבָא Dn 6:9, 10, אֱסָר v 13, 14. Peʿîl Pf. 3 ms. רְשִׁים, subj. כְּתָבָא: 1. be inscribed, written, Dn 5:24, 25. 2. be signed 6:11.

ἐπιγρᾰφ-ω, mark the surface, graze, Refs 8th c.BC+ having put a mark on the lot, Refs 8th c.BC+. trifle with dishes, Refs 8th c.BC+ the word has not the sense of writing. __II. write upon, inscribe, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, Refs; especially write or place an epitaph on a tomb, Refsmiddle, have inscribed, ἐπεγράφου Refs 6th c.BC+:—passive, of the inscription, to be inscribed upon, ἐπιγέγραπταί Refs 5th c.BC+; [ἐπίγραμμα] ὃ Μίδᾳ φασὶν ἐπιγεγράφθαι over or on the tomb of Midas, Refs 5th c.BC+ addressed, of a letter, Refs 2nd c.BC+; also, to have something inscribed upon one, ἐπεγράφοντο ῥόπαλα, ὡς Θηβαῖοι ὄντες used to bear clubs upon their shields, Refs 5th c.BC+ having the articles inscribed upon it, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.2. entitle, Refs 2nd c.AD+; αἱ -όμεναι Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.3. sign, append a signature to, Refs 3rd c.BC+ sign Antonius' name, Refs 2nd c.AD+ inscribed poems signed by himself, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4. write subsequently, Refs 1st c.AD+. __II.5. write over an erasure, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III. frequently as law-term: Refs. set down the penalty or damages in the title of an indictment (compare Refs 5th c.BC+ the damages claimed, Refs 5th c.BC+; τιμημάτων -μένων Refs 6th c.BC+:—middle, Legal cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.b. of a lawgiver, assign a punishment, Refs 4th c.BC+:— passive, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.c. make note of, enter, τὴν πρόφασιν, in inflicting a fine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2. register the citizens' names and property, with a view to taxes, lay a public burden upon one (compare Refs 6th c.BC+ visit with penalties, Refs 1st c.BC+ __III.2.b. assess, Refs:—passive, Refs 5th c.BC+. __III.3. generally, register or enter in a public list, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐ. τινὰ εἰς τοὺς πράκτορας register his name among the πράκτορες, Decrees cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, ἐπεγράψαντο πολίτας enrolled fresh citizens, Refs 5th c.BC+; πῶς οἷόν τε τῷ ἀνδρὶ δύο πατέρας -ψασθα; Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.4. middle, ἐπιγράφεσθαι μάρτυρας cause to be endorsed on a deposition as witnesses, Refs 4th c.BC+; but ἐπιγράφεσθαι τίμημα τῷ κλήρῳ set one's valuation on the property, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.5. προστάτην ἐπιγράψασθαι choose a patron, and enter his name as such in the public register (as μέτοικοι at Athens were obliged to do), Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ τὸν Πλάτωνα ἐπιγραφόμενοι, i.e. the Platonists, Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.5.b. metaphorically, Ὅμηρον ἐπιγράφεσθαι attribute one's fluency to Homer, Refs 2nd c.AD+ claim the authority of greater antiquity, Refs __IV. ἐπιγράψαι ἐαυτὸν ἐπί τι claim credit for, Refs 4th c.BC+ claim as his own, Refs 1st c.AD+ —so middle and passive, τοιούτων ῥητόρων ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ δήμου γνώμας ἐπιγραφομένων inscribing their names on.., Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸν Refs 3rd c.BC+; οἱ ἐπιγεγραμμένοι ἢ φυλάττοντες the parties whose names were endorsed upon the συνθῆκαι as securities, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἐσμὲν ἐπιγεγραμμένοι we are merely the endorsers, Refs 4th c.BC+ __V. ascribe to, Refs 2nd c.AD+ —middle, Refs 1st c.AD+ __V.2. claim credit for, Refs 1st c.AD+; assume, προσωνυμίαν Plu Refs:—passive, of books, to be ascribed, Refs 2nd c.AD+. __V.3. predicate of, Refs 2nd c.AD+.

ἄλφα, τό, indeclinable (plural τὰ ἄ.Refs 4th c.BC+, see A a [near the start];Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 T-square, Refs __3 Phoenician for βοὸς κεφαλή, Refs 5th c.AD+ __4 metaphorically, τὸ ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὦ the first and last, NT

ἀπογρᾰφ-ω, write off, copy, and in middle, have a thing copied, have a copy made of, τι Refs 5th c.BC+; commit to writing, ὀνόματαRefs 5th c.BC+ __II enter in a list, register, ἔθνος ἓν ἕκαστον ἀπέγραφον οἱ γραμματισταίRefs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be registered, παρὰ τοῖς ἄρχουσιRefs 5th c.BC+:—frequently middle, register as one's own property, ἄρνας δέκα δύοRefs 1st c.AD+; declare as liable to taxation, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 middle also, register, note for one's own use, τὰ ἔτεαRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 middle, register oneself, οἱ Ἐλευσῖνάδε ἀπογραψάμενοιRefs 5th c.BC+enter oneself for.., Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἐπὶ στρατηγίαν ἀ. enter as candidate for.., Refs 2nd c.BC+; αὑτοὺς ἀ.Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.3.b metaphorically, subscribe to, τῇ ἐμῇ αἱρέσειRefs 2nd c.AD+ __III as Attic dialect law-term, __III.1 ἀ. τινά enter a person's name for the purpose of accusing him, give in a copy of the charge against him, Refs 5th c.BC+; generally, inform against, denounce, X.HGRefsinfinitive, ἀ. τινὰ μορίαν ἀφανίζεινRefs 5th c.BC+: middle, enter one's name as an accuser, indict, τινάRefs 5th c.BC+; of the magistrate who receives the charge, ἀπογράφεσθαι τὴν δίκηνRefs 5th c.BC+ —in passive, of the person accused, ἀ. φόνου δίκηνRefs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 hand in a list or inventory of property alleged to belong to the state, but held by a private person, Refs 4th c.BC+; generally, give in a list or statement of property, τοῖς ἄρχουσι τὸ πλῆθος τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίαςRefs 5th c.BC+ —passive, Refs:—middle, have such list given in, see it done, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ἀπόλειψιν have it registered, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2.b with accusative person, ἀπέγραψεν ταῦτα.. ἔχοντα αὑτόν gave a written acknowledgement that he was in possession of.., Refs — in passive, to be entered in the list [of debts], Refs

προγράφω [ᾰ], write before or first, τὰς αἰτίας προὔγραψα πρῶτον Refs 5th c.BC+; write before or above, NT+3rd c.BC+; ὁ προγεγραμμένος ἀριθμός before-mentioned, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 write as a copy, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II set forth as a public notice, π. τι ἐν πινακίοις Refs 5th c.BC+; π. κρίσιν, δίκην τινί, give notice of a trial, Refs 4th c.BC+; appoint or summon by public notice, ἐκκλησίας Refs 4th c.BC+; χορηγοὺς π. appoint as choregi, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. τοὺς λειτουργήσοντας Refs 1st c.BC+; στρατιᾶς κατάλογον Refs 4th c.BC+; οἷς κατ᾽ ὀφθαλμοὺς.. Χριστὸς προεγράφη was proclaimed or set forth publicly, NT+1st c.AD+:—middle, περὶ ὧν προεγράψατο εἰς τὴν βουλήν Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.2 give written notice of sale, παρὰ τῇ ἀρχῇ Refs 4th c.BC+; sell by auction, ἐν τῷ πραιτωρίῳ τὰ κτήματα Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 = Latin proscribere, π. τινὰς φυγάδας Refs 2nd c.BC+; οἱ προγεγραμμένοι the proscribed,Refs 1st c.BC+ those whose names have been registered for condemnation, NT __III write a name at the head of a list, π. τινὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ψηφισμάτων Refs 1st c.AD+; τῆς βουλῆς π... Μάρκον, of the censor, name Marcus princeps senatus, Refs:—passive, προγράφεσθαι τοῦ συνεδρίου Refs

ἀνάγν-ωσις, εως, ἡ, recognition, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 reading, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b reading aloud, NT+5th c.BC+: in plural, public readings, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II Grammars, in textual criticism, reading, ἡ Ἀριστάρχειος ἀ.Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III ={πραγματεία}, Refs 6th c.AD+ __IV persuasion, Refs 5th c.BC+

βιβλ-αρίδιον, τό, diminutive of βίβλος, small roll, NT

ἐγγρᾰφ-ω, make incisions into, τὸ στέλεχος Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 mark in or on, paint on, ζῷα ἐς τὴν ἐσθῆτα ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐξαλείφω, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 engrave, inscribe, ἐν τῇσι στήλῃσι Refs 5th c.BC+: —middle, ἢν ἐγγράφου σὺ μνήμοσιν δέλτοις φρενῶν Refs 4th c.BC+:— passive, to be written in, ἐνεγέγραπτο δὲ τάδε ἐν αὐτῇ (i.e. τῇ ἐπιστολῇ) Refs 5th c.BC+; αὑτὸν εὗρεν ἐγγεγραμμένον κτείνειν found his name entered in the letter for execution,Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 metaphorically, εἰ μέλλουσι τοιαῦται διάνοιαι ἐγγραφήσεσθαι ἀνθρώποις Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 Geometry texts, inscribe a figure in another, εἰς.. Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἐν.. Refs 3rd c.BC+ __6 in Medicine texts, include in a prescription, οἶνος ἐγγεγράφθω Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II enter in the public register, especially of one's deme or phratria, ἐς τὰ κοινὰ γραμματεῖα Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, εἰς τοὺς δημότας ἐγγραφῆναι Refs 4th c.BC+; Μαντίθεος ἐνεγεγράμμην by the name of M., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 indict, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, ἐγγράφεσθαι λιποταξίου to be indicted for desertion, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 of statedebtors, enter their names, ἐγγραφόντων οἱ ἄρχοντες τοῖς πράκτορσιν Legal cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐγγεγραμμένος [ἐν ἀκροπόλει] registered among the state-debtors, Refs 4th c.BC+; also of ἄτιμοι, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἐπιστέλλω, send to, γράψας ἐς βυβλίον τάδε ἐπέστειλε ἐς Σάμον Refs 5th c.BC+; send a message, τάδε Refs 5th c.BC+; especially by letter, write word, τοιαῦτα Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τινος ὡς ἀδικοῦντος Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἐπισταλέντα ἐκ τῆς Σάμου the news received from Samos,Refs 1st c.AD+ __2. enjoin, command, τισί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν ἄγγελον ἐπιστείλας ταῦτα ἔπεμψε Refs 5th c.BC+: c.infinitive, ἐ. τινὶ ἀπίστασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ Κῦρος αὐτῷ ἐπέστελλε πρὸς Πέρσας λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐ. τινὰ ποιεῖν τι Refs 5th c.BC+: without any case, give orders to do, Refs 5th c.BC+; give orders in writing, Refs 4th c.BC+ — passive, ἔφη οὐδέν οἱ ἐπεστάλθαι ἄλλο ἢ ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι he had received orders to.., Refs 5th c.BC+; αἷς ἐπέσταλται τέλος to whom the office has been committed, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀξιῶ ἐπισταλῆναί τισι c.infinitive, Refs 2nd c.AD+ having received these instructions, Refs 5th c.BC+: in later writers, usually of orders given in writing, NT+2nd c.AD+, etc.; of orders for payment, Refs 2nd c.AD+

κεραία, poetry κεν-αίη, ἡ, (κέρας) horn, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __2 antennae of the crayfish or of insects, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II anything projecting like a horn: hence, __II.1 yard-arm, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; κ. καθελέσθαι, ὑφιέναι, i.e.lower sail, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.1.b projecting beam of a crane, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.1.c projecting parts of the hucklebone, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.1.d branching stake of wood, used as a pale in a palisade, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.1.e horns of the ancilia, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 plural, horns of the moon, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 in writing, apex of a letter, NT+4th c.BC+; διὰ πάσης κ. διῆκον showing itself in every word of a speech, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.4 leg of a pair of compasses, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5 projecting spur of a mountain, Refs 1st c.AD+; of the horns of Europe and Africa at the Straits of Gibraltar, Refs 6th c.AD+; arms of a harbour, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 ={κέρας} see Refs, wing of an army, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.7 plural, supposed teat-like projections inside the womb, Refs; but the Fallopian tubes, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III bow made of horn, Refs 6th c.AD+

† גִּלָּיוֹן n.m. table, tablet (Talm גִּלְיוֹן, the empty margin of page or roll, vid. LagGN 1881, 403, cf. BN 199)—קַח־לְךָ גִּלָּיוֹן גָּדוֹל וּכְתֹב עָלָיו take thee a great tablet and write upon it Is 8:1; pl. הַגִּלְיֹנִים tablets of polished metal, mirrors Is 3:23 𝔗 𝔙 Ges Che Di De; but transparent garments, gauzes, 𝔊 Ew (cf. Arabic جَلْوَةٌ fine garment).

ἀνατάσσω, Attic dialect ἀνα-τάττω, aorist 2 passive ἀνετάγην, countermand expenditure, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—middle, go regularly through again, rehearse, Refs 1st c.AD+; set in order, διήγησινNT

γραπτ-ός, ή, όν, painted, ζῷα Refs 5th c.BC+, paintings, opposed to γλυπτά, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 marked as with letters, ἁ γραπτὰ ὑάκινθος Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II written, νόμοι γ. Refs 5th c.BC+, rescripts, proclamations, LXX; legal documents, bonds, Refs 4th c.AD+

ἰῶτα [ῐ], τό, indeclinable, (Hebrew yôd) the letter ι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 line, stroke, on a sundial, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 proverbial, of anything very small, smallest letter, jot, NT

μεμβράνα, ἡ, = Latin membrāna, parchment, NT+2nd c.AD+:—also μέμβρανον, τό, Refs 6th c.AD+: hence adjective μεμβράϊνος, Refs 6th c.AD+, and substantive μεμβραϊνάριος, probably in Refs 6th c.AD+

πῐνᾰκ-ίδιον [κῐ], τό, ={πινάκιον}, LXX+5th c.BC+; writing-tablet, Refs 1st c.AD+

χειρόγρᾰφ-ος, ον, written with the hand, holograph, manuscript, σύμβολον, ἀσφάλ[ε]ια, Refs 2nd c.AD+: hence χειρόγρᾰφον, τό, manuscript note, NT+2nd c.BC+ __2 note of hand, bond, Refs 2nd c.BC+; also χειρόγρᾰφος, ὁ, Refs __II paroxytone, χειρογράφος [ᾰ], ὁ, clerk, amanuensis, Refs 1st c.BC+

† [רָשַׁם] vb. inscribe, note (NH id.; so Aramaic רְשַׁם, ܪܫܰܡ; Arabic رشم is loan-word NöZMG xxix (1875), 327 Frä137. 250);— Qal Pt. pass. c. art. as subst. הָרָשׁוּם בִּכְתָב אֱמֶת Dn 10:21 that which is inscribed in the writing of truth.