Work and Labor

ἐργάζομαι, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc., Cretan dialect ϝεργάδδομαι Refs: future -άσομαι Refs 6th c.BC+, etc., Doric dialect LXX+3rd c.BC+: aorist εἰργασάμην, Ionic dialect Refs 6th c.BC+: perfect εἴργασμαι, Ionic dialectRefs 5th c.BC+ —These tenses are used both in middle and passive significations: for other passive tenses, see belowRefs 4th c.BC+; but this rule is often broken in later Papyrus, Inscrr., and codices:—work, labour, especially of husbandry, Refs 8th c.BC+; of quarrymen, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις in the mines, Refs 8th c.BC+; of birds working to get food, Refs 4th c.BC+; of bees, Refs; of Hephaestus' self-acting bellows, Refs 8th c.BC+ the matter works, i.e. goes on, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ ἀὴρ ἐργάζεται produces an effect Refs 3rd c.BC+; οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐργάσεται τὸ θερμόν Refs __II transitive, work at, make, ἔργα κλυτά, of Athena, Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰκόνας, ἀνδριάντας, καλὰ ἔργα, Refs 5th c.BC+; make so and so, Refs 2nd c.AD+. __II.2 do, perform, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔργον ἐπ᾽ ἔργῳ ἐ., of husbandmen, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐ. πρᾶγμα, opposed to βουλεύειν, NT+5th c.BC+: with double accusative, do something to.., Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; chiefly in bad sense, do one ill, do one a shrewd turn, Refs 6th c.BC+; less frequently, Refs 5th c.BC+; seldom Refs 6th c.BC+. __II.2.b perform rites, Refs. __II.2.c in Law, ζημίαν ἐ. do damage, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 work a material, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐ. γῆν till the land, Refs 6th c.BC+; [ἀργυρῖτιν] Docum. cited in Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.4 earn by working, Refs 8th c.BC+. __II.5 work at, practise, μουσικήν, τέχνας, etc., Refs 6th c.BC+; ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην variant in NT+5th c.BC+ __II.6 absolutely, work at a trade or business, traffic, trade, Refs 5th c.BC+ (also οἱ τὴν τετράγωνον (i.e. ἀγοράν) ἐργαζόμενοι those who trade in the square, Refs 4th c.BC+; τούτοις..ναυτικοῖς ἐ. trade with this money on bottomry, Refs; ταῦτα ἐ. thus he trades, Refs; οἱ ἐν Δήλῳ ἐ., = Latin qui Deli negotiantur, Refs Latin quaestum corpore facere, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας Alexis Sam. cited in Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.7 cause, Refs 5th c.BC+. __III passive, rarely in present and imperfect, Refs 4th c.BC+: future Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect εἴργασμαι (see. below): aorist 1 Refs 6th c.BC+ __III.1 to be made or built, Refs 5th c.BC+; λίθοι εἰργ. wrought stones, Refs 6th c.BC+. __III.2 to be done, Refs 5th c.BC+

κοπ-ιάω, future -άσω [ᾱ]: aorist ἐκοπίᾱσα Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect κεκοπίᾱκα NT: (κόπος):—to be tired, grow weary, LXX+5th c.BC+, Men.[same place]; κ. ὑπὸ ἀγαθῶν to be weary of good things, NT+5th c.BC+: with participle, κ. ὀρχούμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+aorist participle κοπιάσας, defunctus laboribus, Refs:—middle in active sense, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II work hard, toil, NT+2nd c.AD+: with infinitive, strive, struggle, μὴ κοπία ζητεῖν Refs __III ={κοπάζω}, come to rest: arrive at a state of saturation, Refs 3rd c.AD+

ἐνεργ-έω, to be in action or activity, operate, Refs 4th c.BC+; especially of divine or supernatural action, frequently in NT., τινί, ἔν τινι, NT:—middle, NT __2 to be efficacious, of drugs, Refs 1st c.AD+; to be effective, of troops, ταῖς σαρίσαις Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, to be the object of action, Refs 4th c.BC+; also, to be actualized, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II transitive, effect, execute, πάντα κατὰ δύναμιν Refs 2nd c.BC+:—passive, to be actively carried on, ὁ πόλεμος ἐνηργεῖτο Refs 2nd c.BC+things executed, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III in Medicine texts, of sexual intercourse, τὴν τοιαύτην πρᾶξιν -οῦσι μετρίως Refs in opere esse, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __IV operate, in surgery, Refs 4th c.AD+; ὁ ἐνεργῶν, ὁ ἐνεργούμενος, the surgeon, the patient, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† עָמַל vb. labour, toil (NH id.; Arabic عَمِلَ labour, make; Sab. עמל work (? n. or vb.) CIS iv. No. 250; Aramaic עֲמַל, ܥܡܰܠ; Zinj. עמל; Assyrian nîmelu, gain, possessions);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Ec 2:21; 3 fs. עָֽמְלָה Pr 16:26; 2 ms. עָמַלְתָּ Jon 4:10; 1 s. עָמַלְתִּי Ec 2:11 + 2 times; pl. עָֽמְלוּ ψ 127:1; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲמֹל Ec 1:3 + 3 times;—labour (very late): in building, c. בְּ ψ 127:1; tillage, c. בְּ Jon 4:10; gen., c. בְּ Ec 2:21, c. לְ Pr 16:26; Ec 5:15, c. לְ + inf. 8:17; עֲמָלוֹ שֶׁיַּעֲמֹל 1:3; 5:17, cf. 2:11, 19, 20.

τέχν-η, ἡ, (τέκτων) art, skill, cunning of hand, especially in metalworking, Refs 8th c.BC+; also of a shipwright, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a soothsayer, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 craft, cunning, in bad sense, δολίη τ. Refs 8th c.BC+: plural, arts, wiles, Refs 8th c.BC+; τέχναις τινός by his arts (or simply by his agency), Refs; τέχνην κακὴν ἔχει he has a bad trick, Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 way, manner, or means whereby a thing is gained, without any definite sense of art or craft, μηδεμιῇ τ. in no wise, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰθέῃ τ. straightway, Refs; πάσῃ τ. by all means, Refs 5th c.BC+; παντοίᾳ τ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II an art, craft, πᾶσαι τέχναι βροτοῖσιν ἐκ Προμηθέως Refs 4th c.BC+; τὴν τ. ἐπίστασθαι to know the craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; ταύτην τέχνην ἔχει he makes this his trade, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν τῇ τ. εἶναι practise it, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ τέχνῃ μαθεῖν τι to learn a thing professionally, opposed to ἐπὶ παιδείᾳ, Refs 5th c.BC+; τέχνην τὸ πρᾶγμα πεποιημένοι having made a trade of it, Refs 4th c.BC+; τέχνας ἀσκεῖν, μελετᾶν, ἐργάζεσθαι, to practise them,Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰατρὸς τὴν τ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; τεθεραπευκὼς ἀνεγκλήτως τῇ τ., of a barber, Refs 3rd c.BC+; παραμενῶ πρὸς ὑπηρεσίαν τῆς τ. (i.e. weaving) Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἀπὸ τεχνῶν τρέφεσθαι live by them, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III an art or craft, i.e. a set of rules, system or method of making or doing, whether of the useful arts, or of the fine arts, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ περὶ τοὺς λόγους τ. the Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ τὰς τ. τῶν λόγων συντιθέντες systems of rhetoric, Refs 5th c.BC+; hence title of various treatises on Rhetoric (see. VI; but rather tricks of Rhetoric, in Refs 4th c.BC+; τέχνῃ by rules of art, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄνευ τέχνης, μετὰ τέχνης, Refs: τ. defined as ἕξις ὁδοποιητική, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV ={τέχνημα}, work of art, handiwork, κρατῆρες.., ἀνδρὸς εὔχειρος τέχνη Refs 5th c.BC+ __V ={συντεχνία, ἡ τ. τῶν λιθουργῶν, τῶν σακκοφόρων}, Dumont-Homolle “Mélanges d' archéol. et d' épigr.” Refs; τοὺς καταλειπομένους ἀπὸ τῇς τ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; ὁ χαλκεὺς ἀπὸ τῆς τ. Refs __VI treatise on Grammar, Refs 2nd c.BC+

τέκτων, ονος, ὁ (feminine in Refs 5th c.BC+, worker in wood, carpenter, joiner, τέκτονες ἄνδρες, οἵ οἱ ἐποίησαν θάλαμον καὶ δῶμα καὶ αὐλήν Refs 8th c.BC+; νηῶν, δούρων τ., Refs 8th c.BC+: it is frequently opposed to to a smith (χαλκεύς), Refs 5th c.BC+; to a mason (λιθολόγος), Refs 5th c.BC+ —but also, __2 generally, any craftsman or workman, κεραοξόος τ. a worker in horn, Refs 8th c.BC+; rarely of metal-workers, Refs 5th c.BC+; sculptor, statuary, Refs __3 master in any art, as in gymnastics, Refs 5th c.BC+; of poets, τέκτονες σοφοὶ (i.e. ἐπέων) Refs 5th c.BC+; τέκτονες κώμων, i.e. the χορευταί, Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. νωδυνίας, i.e. a physician, Refs; δεξιᾶς χερὸς ἔργον, δικαίας τέκτονος a true workman, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 metaphorically, maker, author, νεικέων Refs; κακῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; γένους the author of a race, Refs 4th c.BC+; ψευδῶν τ. Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Sanskrit ták[snull]an- 'carpenter', ták[snull]ati, tā[snull][tnull]i 'form by cutting, plane, chisel, chop', Lett. test, tēst 'hew, plane', etc.: compare τέχνη.)

περιεργ-άζομαι, future -εργάσομαι, περίεργος) take more pains than enough about a thing, waste one's labour on it, with participle, περιεργάζοντο δοκέοντες πρῶτοι ἀνθρώπων γεγονέναι Refs 5th c.BC+ that they had overdone it with their 'sack' (i.e. need not have used the word), Refs 5th c.BC+; π. τοῖς σημείοις overact one's part, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. τῷ οἰκιδίῳ go to a needless expense with his house, Refs 2nd c.AD+; οὐδὲ περιείργασται ἐν αὐτοῖς nor has he lavished useless pains upon.., Refs 2nd c.AD+ (but perfect in passive sense, πλέον οὐδὲν περιείρλασται τῷ Θέωνι Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 with accusative, π. τι καινόν to be busy about 'some new thing', Refs 5th c.BC+; meddle, interfere with, τὰ ἀλλότρια Chiloap.Refs 2nd c.BC+: absolutely, to be a busybody, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 bargain, haggle, περὶ τῆς τιμῆς Refs 3rd c.BC+ __4 in good sense, elaborate,Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 investigate thoroughly, τὰ λεληθότα Refs 4th c.BC+; seek diligently, π. πόθεν ἡ εἴσοδος Zos.Alch.p.111 Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 ταῦτα π. have this effect, of substances, Refs 2nd c.AD+

προσεργάζομαι, work besides, μηδὲν τοῖς δεδραμένοις Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀγαθὰ π. τινί do good service to one besides, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 make, earn in addition, Refs 5th c.BC+