Witnesses and Testimony

עֵד69 n.m. Dt 17:6 witness (prob. from reiterating, hence emphatically affirming);—ע׳ abs. Gn 31:48 +, cstr. Ex 20:16 +; sf. עֵדִי Jb 16:19; pl. עֵדִים Nu 35:30 +, cstr. עֵדֵי ψ 27:12; 35:11; sf. עֵדַי Is 43:10, 12, etc.;— †1. witness, testimony, evidence, of things: heap of stones Gn 31:44, 48, 52 (JE), torn animal Ex 22:12 (E), song of Moses Dt 31:19, 21 (R), law-book v 26 (D), witness of י׳ against Israel; altar E. of Jordan, c. בֵּין, Jos 22:27, 28, 34 (P), cf. Is 19:20; Job’s evil condition Jb 16:8; the moon ψ 89:38. 2. witness, a person: †a. God, in heaven for Job Jb 16:19; on earth, for Samuel 1 S 12:5(×2) + v 6 𝔊 Th and most, Jeremiah Je 42:5; see also 1 S 20:12 (ins. עֵד bef. י׳ 𝔖 Dr Bu Kit Löhr HPS); against persons Je 29:23; Mal 3:5, nations Mi 1:2; between (בֵּין) persons Gn 31:50 (E). b. Davidic dyn., to nations Is 55:4. c. witnesses, of transfer of property Je 32:10, 12, 25, 44, betrothal Ru 4:9, 10, 11; usually of testimony in court, and in civil and social relations, c. בְּ against, Nu 5:13 Jos 24:22 1 S 12:5 +, c. קום rise up against ψ 27:12; 35:11; †עָנָה עֵד שֶׁקֶר בְּ answer (in court) as a false witness against Ex 20:16 = עֵד שָׁוְא Dt 5:17, Pr 25:18; †לְפִי עֵדִים Nu 35:30 (P); †עַל־פִּי עֵדִ(ים) Dt 17:6(×2) at the mouth of witnesses, so 19:15(×2).—False witness is ע׳ שֶׁקֶר Ex 20:16 Dt 19:18(×2) ψ 27:12 Pr 6:19; 14:5; ע׳ שְׁקָרִים 12:17; 19:5, 9; ע׳ כְּזָבִים 21:28; ע׳ חִנָּם 24:28; ע׳ בְּלִיַּעַל 19:28; ע׳ חָמָס witness of (i.e. supporting) violence Ex 23:1 (E) Dt 19:16 ψ 35:11. Faithful witness is ע׳ אֱמוּנִים Pr 14:5; ע׳ אֱמֶת Je 42:5; Pr 14:25.

† [עוּד] vb. denom. (Gerber 42 f.) bear witness;— Qal Impf. 1 s. sf. אֲעוּדֵךְ La 2:13 Kt; Hiph. Qr Bu. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֵעִיד 2 K 17:15; Mal 2:14; הֵעִד Gn 43:3; 2 ms. הַֽעִידֹ֫תָ Ne 9:34; הַֽעֵדֹ֫תָה Ex 19:23; 1 s. הַֽעִידֹ֫תִי Dt 4:26; Je 42:19; 3 mpl. הֵעִ֫ידוּ Ne 9:26, etc.; Impf. וַיָּ֫עַד 2 K 17:13; Zc 3:6; 3 fs. sf. וַתְּעִידֵ֫נִי Jb 29:11 + 15 times Impf.; Inf. abs. הָעֵד Gn 43:3 + 4 times; Imv. הָעֵד Ex 19:21 + 2 times Imv. Pt. מֵעִיד Dt 32:46.— 1. testify, bear witness, c. sf. against one 1 K 21:10, 13; in favour of Jb 29:11; La 2:13 (Qr); c. בֵּין Mal 2:14; c. בְּ + כִּי Dt 8:19. 2. cause to testify, take as witness, c. acc. pers. Is 8:2; Je 32:10, 25, 44; call as witness, invoke, c. acc. ואת הארץ את השׁמים + בְּ against Dt 4:26; 30:19; 31:28. 3. protest, affirm solemnly, warn: subj. men, abs. Je 6:10; Ne 13:15; c. בְּ pers. Gn 43:3(×2) (J) Ex 19:21 (E) 1 S 8:9(×2) 1 K 2:42; 2 Ch 24:19; Ne 9:26; 13:21; Je 42:19; Am 3:13; exhort solemnly, admonish, charge, י׳ subj., c. בְּ pers., Ex 19:23 (J) 2 K 17:13; Ne 9:29, 30; Je 11:7(×3); Zc 3:6 ψ 50:7; 81:9; enjoin solemnly, c. בְּ pers. + acc. rei עֵֽדְוֹת 2 K 17:15 Ne 9:34, דברים Dt 32:46. Hoph. Pt. 3 ms. וְהוּעַד consec. Ex 21:29 (E) impers. and protest be entered, c. בְּ pers.

μάρτῠς, ὁ, ἡ, Cretan dialect, Epid. μαῖτυς Refs, Cretan dialect also μαίτυρς Refs see ii; genitive μάρτῠρος, accusative -ῠρα Refs 8th c.BC+, formed from μάρτυρ (which see), except accusative μάρτῠν Refs 4th c.BC+; dative plural μάρτῠσι (but μάρτυρσι probably in Refs 6th c.BC+:—witness (not in Refs 8th c.BC+; μάρτυρας παρέχεσθαι produce witnesses, Refs 5th c.BC+; μάρτυρα παράγεσθαι, μάρτυρας ἐπάγεσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+; τί δεῖται μάρτυρο; Refs __II martyr, NT __III Astrology texts, in aspect, μάρτυρες ἀλλήλων Refs 4th c.AD+

† II. עֵדָה n.f. testimony, witness, of things (only E);—Gn 21:30; 31:52; Jos 24:27(×2) (J uses עֵד for feminine things).—i. עֵדָה v. יעד.

ψευδομάρτυς, ῠρος, ὁ, false witness, plural in Refs 5th c.BC+ false witnesses about God, NT; as adjective, τὰν δίκαν τὰν ψευδομάρτυρα the action for false witness, Refs.with l. 8; ψ. τιμαί honours attesting no real merit, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἀμάρτ-ῠρος, ον, without witness, unattested, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀμαρτύρων εὔντωνRefs 3rd c.BC+; unsupported by evidence, δίκηRefs 6th c.AD+ adverb -ρωςRefs 8th c.BC+

αὐτόπτ-ης, ου, ὁ, seeing oneself, eyewitness, Refs 5th c.BC+:— feminine αὐτόπτις, ἡ, Refs 8th c.BC+

προμαρτύρομαι [ῡ], bear witness to beforehand, τὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα NT

† [שָׂהֵד] n.[m.] witness (Aramaic loan-word = Heb. עֵד; √ סְהַד, ܣܗܰܕ );—sf. שָֽׂהֲדִי Jb 16:19 (‖ עֵדִי).—שָֽׂהֲדוּתָא Gn 31:47 v. Biblical Aramaic Lex.