Therefore Particles

I. כֵּן adv. so, thus (Ph. NH 𝔗 id.; Syriac ܟܶܢ is then, Arabic لٰكِنْ, لٰكِنَّ, but: prob. from the demonstr. √ ka, found in כִּי etc., Köii 1, 254); (הִיא) כֶּן־הוּא Gn 44:10 + 4 times: so thus (i.e. usually, as has been described or commanded, with ref. to what has preceded), mostly of manner, but sometimes also of quantity, quality, or degree: 1. a. Ju 5:31 כן יאבדו so perish thy enemies, Jb 5:27 כֶּן־הִיא, 8:13 כן ארחות כל שׁכחי אל, Pr 6:29; 8:13; 2 S 16:23 Is 36:6; 47:15 כן היו לך, Nu 13:33 וכן היינו בעיניהם; Nu 9:16 כן יהיה תמיד; Ex 10:14, 14 לא היה כן ארבה כמהו וג׳ (i.e. in such numbers), 1 K 10:12 לא בא כן עצי אלמגים, v 20 2 Ch 1:12, 12, Ju 21:14 ולא מצאו להם כן and they did not suffice for them so (viz. in such numbers of them as there were); 1 K 6:26 וכן הכרוב השׁני, Ez 41:7 (?); וכן ל׳ Ex 27:11 1 K 10:29 Ez 40:16 2 Ch 35:12, cf. 1 Ch 23:30; כן ל׳ Ex 25:33 (cf. 26:24), Jos 21:40. b. the force of כֵּן has sometimes to be elicited from the context: 1 K 2:7 כי כן קרבו אלי (sc. with kindness such as that enjoined in v a), 20:40 כן משׁפטך, Je 14:10 כן אהבו לנוע (i.e. not less than י׳ has withdrawn from them v 9, Gf Ke; Gie proposes אָכֵן), ψ 61:9 כֵּן אֲוַמְּרָה שִׁמְךָ (Hi כְּצִדְקְךָ, implied in v 6–8), 63:3 כֵּן בַּקֹּדֶשׁ חֲזִיתִךָ (sc. with the longings of v 2), v 5 כֵּן אֲבָרֶכְךָ בְחַיָּי (sc. כִּי־טוֹב חַסְדְּךָ v 4), 65:10 כִּי כֵן תְּכִינֶהָ (i.e. so generously, v 10), 90:12 לִמְנוֹת יָמֵינוּ כֵּן הוֹדַע (Hi כְּיִרְאַת י׳ v 11), 127:2 כֵּן יִּתֵּן לִידִידוֹ שֵׁנָא (sc. as abundantly; but Che אָכֵן), Pr 24:14 (see v 13), Is 52:14 כֵּן מִשְׁחַת מֵאִישׁ מַרְאֵהוּ (sufficiently to justify שׁממו עליך רבים). c. כן occurs freq. in partic. phrases, as (a) with הָיָה, especially ויהי כן and it was so Gn 1:7, 9, 11 +, 2 K 2:10 if thou seest me taken from thee יהי־לך כן let it be to thee so (sc. as thou desirest), 7:20, with עשׂה (especially וַיַּעַשׂ, וַיַּעֲשׂוּ) Gn 29:28; 42:20; 45:21 + often, Ju 7:16 מִמֶּנִּי תִרְאוּ וְכֵן תַּעֲשׂוּ, + ל׳ Gn 42:25 ויעשׂ להם כן, Ex 22:29; 23:11 כן תעשׂה ל׳, Dt 22:3 2 S 12:31 1 K 11:8 (cf. 6:33; 7:18); Gn 29:26 לא יֵעָשֶׂה כן במקומנו, 34:7 2 S 13:12; rarer usages, דִּבֶּר כֵּן Ex 6:9, אמר כן 1 K 22:8 כֵּן אמרתם Ez 11:5; 33:10, אָמֵן כֵּן יֹאמַר י׳ 1 K 1:36 (cf. Je 28:6), וגם שׁאול אבי יֹדֵעַ כֵּן 1 S 23:17; אָהֵב כֵּן (idiom.) to love (it) so, †Je 5:31 Am 4:5; (b) Gn 50:3 כי כן ימלאו ימי החנֻטים (cf. Ju 14:10 2 S 13:18 Est 2:12); (c) alone, אִם כֵּן if it be so †Gn 25:22; 43:11; †וַיִּרְאוּ כִּי־כֵן 1 S 5:7, יָדַעְתִּי כִּי־כֵן Jb 9:2; (d) לא כן not so (viz. as has been described or implied), with a subst. Nu 12:7 לא כן עבדי משׁה, 2 S 20:21; 23:5 ψ 1:4 Jb 9:35 b כי־לא־כן אנכי עמדי not so am I with myself (i. e. I am not conscious of being one who would fear him, v a), with a vb. Dt 18:14 ואתה לא כן נתן לך י׳ (not so,—viz. as implied in v a), 2 S 18:14 Is 10:7 לא כן יְדַמֶּה, לא כן יחשׁב, absol. Gn 48:18 לא כן אבי, Ex 10:11. 2. Often, to emphasize the agreement, in answer to כְּ, and כַּאֲשֶׁר: viz. a. כְּ … כֵּן, (a) Gn 44:10 = Jos 2:21 כדבריכם כֶּן־הוּא, according to your words, so be it, 1 S 25:25 כי כשׁמו כֶּן־הוּא, ψ 48:11 Pr 23:7 כֶּן־הוּא (after conj. כְּמוֹ), Ez 42:11 כְּאָרְכָּן כֵּן רָחְבָּן; (b) Lv 27:12 כְּעֶרְכְּךָ כֵּן יִהְיֶה, 2 S 13:35 Nu 8:4; 9:14; 15:20 Dt 8:20 Ju 11:10, so after כְּפִי Nu 6:21; (c) כְּכֹל … כֵּן … 1 S 8:8 2 S 7:17 Je 42:5; (d) in similes, (α) 2 S 14:17 כמלאך הא׳ כן אדני המלך, Je 18:6 ψ 123:2; 127:4 Pr 10:26; 26:8, 19; 27:8, 19 Ct 2:2, 3; (β) Jo 2:4 כְּפָרָשִׁים כֵּן יְרוּצוּן, Is 31:5 38:14 ψ 103:15 Pr 26:1, 2; (γ) ψ 42:2 כאיל תערג … כן נפשׁי וג׳ like the hind which etc., 83:16 Is 61:11; 63:14 Jb 7:3, so after כמו Is 26:17; (δ) Je 2:26 כְּבשֶׁת גַּנָּב … כֵּן הוֹבִישׁוּ 6:7; 34:5 (read כְּמשׂרפות), Ez 22:22 (cf. v 20), 23:44; 34:12; cf. (of degree) 35:15 (om. 𝔊 Co), Ho 4:7 כְּרֻכָּם כֵּן חָֽטְאוּ לִי. Of time (rare) Ho 6:3 (?), 1 S 9:13 כְּבֹאֲכֶם הָעִיר כֵּן תִּמְצְאוּן אֹתוֹ. b. †Ezr 10:12 כן כדבריך עלינו לעשׂות. c. כַּאֲשֶׁר … כֵּן …, (a) Ex 7:6 כאשׁר צוה י׳ כן עשׂו, 12:28, 50; 39:43 (cf. 27:8), Nu 8:22 (cf. 5:4), 17:26; 36:10 Jos 14:5 (all P); Gn 41:13 כאשׁר פתר כן היה, Jos 10:1, 39; 11:15 Ju 1:7; 15:11 b ψ 48:9; (b) (freq.) Nu 2:17 כאשׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּ֑עוּ, Ex 1:12 (of degree = the more … the more) כַּאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ; (c) Gn 6:22 ככל אשׁר צוה אתו אלהים כן עשׂה, Ex 39:32, 42; 40:16 Nu 1:54; 2:34; 8:20; 9:5 (all P), cf. Ex 25:9 (וְכֵן), simil. 2 S 9:11 2 K 16:11, cf. Jos 1:17 Je 42:20; (d) Ex 27:8 כאשׁר הֶרְאָה אתך כן יעשׂו, 2 S 16:19 1 K 2:38 Is 20:4; 52:14f.; with the same vb. repeated Lv 24:19, 20 Dt 28:63 כאשׁר שׂשׂ … כן ישׂישׂ, Jos 23:15; 1 S 15:33; 26:24 1 K 1:37 Is 10:11 Je 5:19; 31:28; 32:42; 42:18 Ez 12:11; 20:36 Zc 7:13 Pr 24:29; Nu 14:28 אם לא כאשׁר דברתם כן אעשׂה, Is 14:24, so after הלא 10:11, after asseverative כי 2 S 3:9 1 K 1:30; so כָּל־עֻמַּת שֶׁ׳ … כֵּן † Ec 5:15; (e) Ju 7:17 b כאשׁר אעשׂה כן תעשׂון, Lv 27:14 Nu 15:14, cf. Je 39:12; (f) in similes, Dt 12:22; 22:26 Am 3:12 Is 65:8 Je 13:11. †d. כן כאשׁר …, (a) Ex 7:10 ויעשׂו כן כאשׁר צוה י׳, v 20 Jos 4:8 2 S 5:25 Ez 12:7, cf. Gn 50:12 Nu 8:3; iron. Am 5:14 יהי כן י׳ אתּכם כאשׁר אמרתם, Ex 10:10; (b) Gn 18:5 כן תעשׂה כאשׁר דברת, Ne 5;12.—Occasionally in poetry כאשׁר is not expressed: Is 54:9 (De), 55:9 Je 3;20 Jb 7:9 Ho 11:2 קראו להם כן הלכו מפניהם (of degree: so = in the same proportion), ψ 48:6 המה ראו כן תמהו (i.e. in the same measure that they saw); Je 33:22 (according to many, but dub.; read prob. כאשׁר Gie) it is represented by אשׁר (so Is 54:9 Hi Ew Di): Ju 5:15 Ez 22:20 כ is not expressed. Na 1:12 is prob. corrupt; Zc 11:11 for כן עניי read כְּנַעֲנֵי.—כֹּה, כָּכָה, כָּזֹאת are syn., but differ considerably in usage. 3. With prepositions:— a. אַחַר־כֵּן, אַחֲרֵי־כֵן, מֵאַחֲרֵי־כֵן, lit. after so, i. e. afterwards: v. אַחַר" dir="rtl" >אַחַר. b. †בְּכֵן (late), lit. in such circumstances, i.e. thereupon, then, Ec 8;10 Est 4:16 (𝔗 בְּכֵין often for אָז; e.g. Ex 15:1; SyriacJerus. ܒܟܢ = τότε). c. †כְּמוֹ־כֵן Is 51:6, according to some, like so, i.e. (Vrss Rabb) in like manner, or (De) like this (accompanied by a contemptuous gesture) = like a mere nothing: but v. iv. כֵּן⁷" dir="rtl" >כֵּן. d. לָכֵן200 according to such conditions, that being so, therefore Nu 16:11 1 S 27:6 ψ 16:9; 73:6, 10; especially in proph., where it often introduces, after statement of the grounds, a divine declaration or command: Ju 10:13 2 K 1:6 Am 4:12 Is 5:13, 14, 24; 7:14; 10:16; 16:7; 27:9 Je 6:15; 8:10 etc.; לכן כה אמר י׳ 2 K 21:12 Is 10:24; 28:16; 29:22; 30:12; 37:33 Je 5:14; 6:21 + often; sq. נאם האדון Is 1:24; נאם י׳ 1 S 2:30 Je 2:9; לכן הנה ימים באים נאם י׳ Je 7:32; 16:14; 19:6 +; לכן חי אני נאם י׳ Ez 5:11; 35:6, 11 Zp 2:9; לכן הנני … 1 K 14:10 Ho 2:8, 16 Is 29:14 Je 16:21 Ez 16:37; 22:19 b; 25:4, 7, 9 +; לכן אֱמֹר †Ex 6:6 Nu 25:12 (both P), Ez 11:16, 17; 14:6; 20:30; 33:25; 36:22; לָכֵן דַּבֵּר † Ez 14:4; 20:27; לָכֵן הִנָּבֵא †Ez 11:4; 36:3, 6; 37:12; 38:14; לָכֵן שִׁמְעוּ … Is 28:14; 51:21 Je 6:18; 44:26 +. In answer to יען, Nu 20:12 (P), 1 K 14:10 2 K 1:16; 21:12; 22:20 Is 29:14; 30:13 Je 19:6 +, Ez 5:8 13:23 +; so, once, וְלָכֵן Is 8:7; to כי Is 28:16 Je 35:17; על Je 9:14; אם 23:38; 42:15. Special usages:—(a) idiom., in conversation, in reply to an objection, to state the ground upon which the answer is made; Gn 4:15 therefore—this being so—whoso killeth Cain, etc., 30:15 Ju 8:7; 11:8 1 S 28:2 1 K 22:19 Jb 20:2 (𝔊 in Gn K Jb, not perceiving the idiom, renders οὐχ οὕτως (as though לא־כן): so also strangely, elsewhere, as 1 S 3:14 2 K 1:4, 6; 21:12). (b) inferring the cause from the effect, or developing what is logically involved in a statement, Is 26:14 b (cf. De) therefore thou hast visited and destroyed them (not a consequence of v a ‘the dead rise not,’ but the development of what is implicit in it), 61:7 Je 2:33; 5:2 (because viz. אין אמונה v 1), Jb 34:25; 42:3.—Zc 11:7 read לִכְנַעֲנֵי הַצֹּאן. e. †עַד־כֵּן hitherto (of time), as yet Ne 2:16. f. עַל־כֵּן145 upon ground of such conditions, therefore (introducing, more generally than לָכֵן, the statement of a fact, rather than a declaration: never used in the phrases noted under לָכֵן), Gn 20:6; 42:21 Ex 5:8, 17; 16:29; 20:11 1 S 20:29; 28:18 2 S 7:22, 27 1 K 20:23 Is 5:25; 9:16; 13:7, 13; 15:4, 7; 16:9, 11; 17:10; 21:3 Je 5:6, 27; 10:21; 12:8; 20:11; 31:3, 20 Ez 7:20; 22:4; 31:5 etc., ψ 1:5; 42:7; 45:3 c (the poet’s inference from v a. b), v 8 110:7 Jb 6:3; 9:22; 17:4; 20:21 etc., Ct 1:3; and regularly where the origin of a name, or custom, or proverb is assigned, Gn 2:24 על־כן יעזב אישׁ וג׳, 10:9 על־כן יֵאָמַ֔ר, 11:9 על־כן קרא שׁמה בבל, 16:14; 19:22; 21:31; 25:30; 26:33; 29:34, 35; 30:6; 32:33; 47:22 Ex 13:15; 15:23 Nu 18:24; 21:14, 27 Dt 10:9 (cf. 15:11, 15; 19:7; 24:18, 22), Jos 7:26; 14:14 Ju 15:19; 18:12 1 S 5:5; 10:12; 23:28 (? read so 27:6) 2 S 5:8, 20 etc.; הַעַל־כֵּן †Hb 1:17.—Est 9:26 the 2nd על כן (unless dittogr.) points unusually onwards to על כל דברי האגרת on this account, on account, viz., etc.

οὖν, Ionic dialect and Doric dialect ὦν (the latter in Refs 8th c.BC+, adverb certainly, in fact, confirming something, frequently in contrast with something which is not confirmed, in Refs 8th c.BC+ only in combination with γε (see. γοῦν), γάρ, οὔτε or μήτε, ὡς, ἐπεί, μέν, etc.: __1 really, φημὶ γὰρ οὖν κατανεῦσαι.. Κρονίωνα for I declare that Zeus did really promise.., Refs 8th c.BC+; τόφρα γὰρ οὖν ἑπόμεσθα.., ὄφρ᾽ for we followed them up to the very point, where.., Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐλέχθησαν λόγοι ἄπιστοι μὲν ἐνίοισι Ἑλλήνων, ἐλέχθησαν δ᾽ ὦν but they really were spoken, Refs 5th c.BC+; Θηβαῖοι μὲν ταῦτα λέγουσι.., Πλαταιῆς δ᾽ οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι.., ἐκ δ᾽ οὖν τῆς γῆς ἀνεχώρησαν at all events they did return, Refs 5th c.BC+; so δ᾽ οὖν after a parenthesis; εἰ δή τις ὑμῶν οὕτως ἔχει,—οὐκ ἀξιῶ μὲν γὰρ ἔγωγε,—εἰ δ᾽ οὖν but if he is so, Refs 5th c.BC+; so ἀλλ᾽ οὖν.. γε but at all events, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔμπης οὖν ἐπιμεῖναι ἐς αὔριον to stay nevertheless at least till to-morrow, Refs 8th c.BC+; οὖν concessive, I grant you, τάχ᾽ οὖν τις ἄκων ἔσχε Refs 8th c.BC+; Τληπόλεμος δ᾽, ἐπεὶ οὖν τράφ᾽ ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ εὐπήκτῳ, αὐτίκα.. κατέκτα when once, i.e. as soon as, he had grown up, Refs; νεβροί, αἵ τ᾽ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἔκαμον.. ἑστᾶσ᾽ which, as soon as they are tired, stand still, Refs; to indicate that something foreshadowed has actually occurred, ἀγορήνδε καλέσσατο λαὸν Ἀχιλλεύς.., οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἤγερθεν Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸν δ᾽ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε Refs 8th c.BC+; οὔτ᾽ οὖν.., οὔτε.. or οὔτε.., οὔτ᾽ οὖν.. both = neither.. nor, but preferred according as the first or second clause is to be marked by emphasis,Refs 8th c.BC+; so εἰ.., εἴτ᾽ οὖν.. if.., or if.., Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴτ᾽ οὖν, εἴτε μὴ γενήσεται whether it shall be so, or no, Refs 5th c.BC+; ξεῖνος αἴτ᾽ ὦν ἀστός, i.e. αἴτε ξ. αἴτ᾽ ὦν ἀ., Refs 5th c.BC+ even as, just as, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ δ᾽ ἔστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἔστι, θεός if he is, as he in fact is, a god, Refs 5th c.BC+; for μὲν οὖν, see at {μέν} Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 added to indefinite Prons. and adverbs, like Latin cunque, ὅστις whoever, ὁστισοῦν whosoever; ὅπως how, ὁπωσοῦν howsoever; ἄλλος ὁστισοῦν another, be he who he may; so ὁποιοσοῦν, ὁποιοστισοῦν, ὁποσοσοῦν, ὁπωσδηποτοῦν, ὁπητιοῦν, ὁποθενοῦν, etc., (see entry). __II to continue a narrative, so, then, καὶ τὰ μὲν οὖν.. θῆκαν Refs 8th c.BC+; ὅτ᾽ οὖν since, then,.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ζεῖ οὖν ἐν τούτῳ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ is very common in this sense; so δ᾽ οὖν Refs 5th c.BC+; οὖν is also used alone merely to resume after a parenthesis or long protasis, well, as I was saying, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ.., ὑμεας γὰρ πυνθάνομαι προεστάναι..,—ὑμέας ὦν.. προσκαλέομαι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ὦν is frequently inserted by Refs 5th c.BC+participle, οἱ δὲ φέροντες ἐς τὴν ἀγορήν, ἀπ᾽ ὦν ἔδοντοRefs; so in Refs 5th c.BC+: this tmesis is rare in Attic dialect, ὥστε γε καὐτόν σε κατ᾽ οὖν ἔβαλεν Refs 5th c.BC+; but occurs in later writers, Dorieus cited in Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III in inferences, then, therefore, not in Refs 8th c.BC+; in a statement, Refs; very common from Refs 5th c.BC+ downwards; so καὶ σὺ οὖν you too therefore, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare οὐ γὰρ οὖν, τοιγαροῦν: strengthened, δὴ οὖν Refs 5th c.BC+: in questions, τίς οὖν ὁ λύσων σ᾽ ἐστίν ; Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; ἆρ᾽ οὖν δή ; Refs 5th c.BC+; τί οὖν δή ; Refs 5th c.BC+

διό, conjunction, for δι᾽ ὅ, wherefore, on which account, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὸ καί, διὸ δὴ καί, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἄρᾰ, Epic dialect ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant ἄρ (perhaps cf. Lithuanian i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses. __A EARLIER USAGE: to denote, __A.I immediate transition, there and then, straightway, ὣς φάτο βῆ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὌνειροςRefs 8th c.BC+: after a participle, ὣς εἰπὼν κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετοRefs 5th c.BC+; οὕτως ἄραRefs 5th c.BC+; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἤλυθενRefs 8th c.BC+: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next, οἱ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ Ἀθήνας εἶχονRefs; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ᾽ ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ᾽ υἱόνRefs __A.I.2 to draw attention, mark you! τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶοςRefs: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκήRefs __A.II connexion, such as, __A.II.1 that of antecedent and consequent, οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐνῶρτο γέλωςRefs: also in questions, τίς τ᾽ ἄρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔη; who then (say you) was.. ? Refshe it was, whom.., Refs, thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. __A.II.2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom (and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, Refs; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ᾽ ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Refs 8th c.BC+; so with relatives, ἐκ δ᾽ ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ᾽ ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., Refs 8th c.BC+ __B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονίαRefs 4th c.BC+: especially by way of informal inference, as it seems, οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν ΠηλεύςRefs 8th c.BC+; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., Refs 5th c.BC+; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ... Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσετα; who is there to save ? Refs 4th c.BC+; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ᾽ ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! Refs; so ὡς ἄραRefs 5th c.BC+; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone, ἔζης ἄ.Refs 5th c.BC+: especially in ironical comments, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ... Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, see entry τοι Refs __B.5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Refs 5th c.BC+; separated from εἰ μή, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσινRefs 5th c.BC+; or simply, perhaps (sometimes separated from εἰ), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανενRefs 5th c.BC+ __C IN CRASIS, frequently τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Refs 5th c.BC+; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek Refs 4th c.BC+, but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in NT, and first in a sentence, NT+2nd c.AD+; in conclusion of syllogism, Refs 2nd c.AD+

διότι, conjunction for διὰ τοῦτο ὅτι.. Refs 2nd c.AD+, because, for the reason that, since, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲ δι᾽ ἓν ἄλλο ἢ διότι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 indirect, wherefore, for what reason, φράσω διότι.. Refs 5th c.BC+; σκοπεῖν διότι.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐρωτᾶν διότι.. Refs 4th c.AD+ __II ={ὅτι}, that, Refs 5th c.BC+: followed by infinitive, Refs 2nd c.BC+

ὅθεν, relative adverb whence, ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ, ὅ. ῥέεν ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐξ Ἐνετῶν, ὅ. ἡμιόνων γένοςRefs; also, from whom or which, ὅθεν περ Ὁμηρίδαι ἄρχονται, Διὸς ἐκ προοιμίου Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅθεν δή Refs 8th c.BC+ __b in Attic dialect Prose, ὅθεν δή from whatever source, in what manner soever, Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἄλλοθεν ὁθενοῦν from any other place whatsoever, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 for where or whither, by attraction, when the antecedent clause contains a notion of place whence, ἐκ δὲ γῆς, ὅ. προὔκειτ᾽ from the ground where it lay, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅ... ἀπέλιπες, ἀποκρίνου answer [from the point] where you left off, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅθεν, ={ἐκεῖσε ὅθεν}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅθεν περ, ={ἐκεῖθεν ὅθεν περ}, Refs __II whence, for which reason, σφυρῶν.. κέντρα διαπείρας μέσον, ὅ. νιν Ἑλλὰς ὠνόμαζεν Οἰδίπουν Refs 5th c.BC+; for what reason, Refs 5th c.BC+

† II. לָהֵן conj. except, but (from לָא and הֵן ‘not if’ (cf. Heb. אם לא Gn 24:38); so Nab. and Egyptian Aramaic להן Cooke217, 219, 241 S-CPap. C 6, 7 +; lâinnî, however SocinArabic Dial. v. Marokko 44, Anm. 103; 𝔗 אִילָּהֵין Gn 32:28; 43:3 al.);— 1. after a neg. (= BH כִּי אִם, q.v.): a. except Dn 2:11; 3:28; 6:6, 8, 13. b. but (Germ. sondern) Dn 2:30. 2. without a neg.: however, but Ezr 5:12.

τοίνυν, (τοι, νυν) therefore, accordingly, an inferential Particle (never in Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ τ... Refs 5th c.BC+; ἂν τ... Refs 4th c.BC+; introducing a logical conclusion (less frequently than οὖν), Refs 5th c.BC+; φανερὸν τ., δῆλον τ., Refs 4th c.BC+; also to introduce a minor premiss, or a particular instance of a general proposition, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in dialogue, to introduce an answer, well or well then, ἄπειμι τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; especially an answer which has been led up to by the same speaker, Refs 5th c.BC+; in response to an invitation to speak, Refs 5th c.BC+; in expression of approval, especially in phrase καλῶς τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; also of disapproval or criticism, ἀπόλοιο τ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 continuing an argument, well then, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.b resuming the thread of argument or narrative after a break, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.c adding or passing to a fresh item or point, further, moreover, again, Refs 5th c.BC+; μὴ τ. μηδέ.. nay, not even.., Refs 5th c.BC+nor again, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 sometimes at the beginning of a speech, ἐγὼ μὲν τ..., referring to something present to the minds of the speaker and hearer, now I.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 with subjunctive of exhortation or imperative, in significations NT __B Position: in early writers τοίνυν is never the first word in a sentence, but this is not uncommon in later authors, as LXX+NT+2nd c.AD+ F.-R. codex (<τῷ> add. Kaibel); it is usually placed second, but sometimes later, ἥξω φέρουσα συμβολὰς τ. ἅμα Refs 5th c.BC+ [ῠ regularly, as Refs 5th c.BC+: but sometimes ῡ, as Refs 5th c.BC+

† I. לָהֵן conj. therefore (BH לָהֵן †Ru 1:13(×2), Aramaic of Têma להן CIS ii. 113 = Cooke 195), Dn 2:6, 9; 4:24 (LambertRÉJ. 1904. 273 denies I. לָהֵן, taking Biblical Aramaic always as = רַק).

Included with: διό, conjunction, for δι᾽ ὅ, wherefore, on which account, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὸ καί, διὸ δὴ καί, Refs διόπερ Refs 5th c.BC+

τοιγάρ, an inferential Particle, therefore, accordingly, well then, κέλεαί με.. μυθήσασθαι μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος.. · τοιγὰρ ἐγὼν ἐρέω Refs 8th c.BC+; rare in Comedy texts Refs 5th c.BC+; never in Attic dialect Prose. __II strengthened by other Particles, τοιγαροῦν, Ionic dialect τοιγαρῶν, for that very reason, therefore, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in Poets, as Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 τοιγάρτοι, Refs 5th c.BC+; rare in Poets, Refs 8th c.BC+ and τοι, τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι Refs 8th c.BC+ —These forms must begin the sentence, except in late Gr., where τοιγαροῦν may be postponed, as Refs 2nd c.AD+

οὐκοῦν, Doric dialect οὐκῶν, adverb, composed, like{οὔκουν}, of οὐκ and οὖν, but differing in meaning and accent,Refs 2nd c.AD+ __I in questions, inviting assent to an inference, or to an addition to what has already received assent, οὐκοῦν δοκεῖ σοι.. ; you think then, do you not, that.. ? Refs 5th c.BC+subjunctive, οὐκοῦν καὶ ἄλλους σε φῶμεν δυνατὸν εἶναι ποιεῖν (i.e. ῥήτορας ἀγαθούς) ; Refs when a negative answer is invited, οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἂν εἴη τὸ μὴ λυπεῖσθαί ποτε ταὐτὸν τῷ χαίρειν ;Refs; οὐκοῦν οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς ἀντείποι ; Refs 4th c.BC+ __II in affirmative sentences, surely then, οὐκοῦν, εἰ ταῦτα ἀληθῆ, πολλὴ ἐλπὶς ἀφικομένῳ οἷ ἐγὼ πορεύομαι Refs 5th c.BC+subjunctive or imperative, οὐκοῦν διδάσκωμεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ λοιδορῶμεν let us teach him, then, Refs; οὐκοῦν.. ἱκανῶς ἐχέτω let this then suffice, Refs 5th c.BC+: with a prohibition, οὐκοῦν μὴ.. αὐτομολήσῃς Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐκοῦν ὑπόλοιπον δουλεύειν slavery, then, is the only alternative, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 in replies, very well, yes, ἴωμεν.. Answ. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὰν πνεῦμα τοὐκ πρῴρας ἀνῇ, τότε στελοῦμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀμηχάνων ἐρᾷς. Answ. οὐκοῦν, ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι Refs; ἥξει γὰρ αὐτά, κἂν ἐγὼ σιγῇ στέγω. Answ. οὐκοῦν ἅ γ᾽ ἥξει καὶ σὲ χρὴ λέγειν ἐμοί Refs; ἀπόλωλας, ὦ κακόδαιμον. Answ. οὐκοῦν, ἢν λάχω Refs 5th c.BC+; ἴθι δὴ σκεψώμεθα.. Answ. οὐκοῦν χρή yes, let us do so, Refs 5th c.BC+; surely, οὐκοῦν τρύγοιπος ταῦτα πάντ᾽ ἰάσεται Refs 5th c.BC+