Testimony Objects

רָשָׁע263 adj. wicked, criminal;—abs. ר׳ Gn 18:23 +; pl. רְשָׁעִים Is 13:11 +; cstr. רִשְׁעֵי ψ 75:9 + 3 times; fs. רְשָׁעָה Ez 3:18 (del. Co), v 19 (רָשָׁע Co);— †1. usually as subst., one guilty of crime, deserving punishment; sometimes also wicked; opp. צַדִּיק; רָשָׁע Ex 2:13; 23:1 (E), Dt 25:2; Pr 17:23; 18:5; 25:5; Jb 9:22, 24; coll. Gn 18:23, 25(×2) (J) Mi 6:10; Pr 3:33; 28:4, רשׁעים 1 S 24:14; Je 5:26; Pr 19:28; 20:26; 29:12, אנשׁים רשׁעים 2 S 4:11 (murderers), רָשָׁע לָמוּת Nu 35:31 (P) guilty of death, מוֹשֵׁל ר׳ Pr 28:15, cf. 29:2, הִצְדִּיק ר׳ Ex 23:7 (E) Is 5:23; Pr 17:15; הִרְשִׁעַ ר׳ Dt 25:1 1 K 8:32 = השׁיב לְרָשָׁע 2 Ch 6:23; אמר לר׳ צַדִּיק Pr 24:24. 2. guilty of hostility to God or his people, wicked enemies: רשׁע sg. ψ 17:13 + 6 times ψψ, Is 26:10; coll. ψ 9:6, 17; 10:2 + 6 times ψψ, Is 11:4 Hb 3:13; רשׁעים ψ 3:8; 7:10; 9:18 + 5 times ψψ, Is 48:22; 57:20, 21 Je 25:31 Ez 21:34 Mal 3:21 (+ (poss.) other cases; often hard to decide); specif. of Pharaoh Ex 9:27 (J), Babylon Is 13:11; 14:5, Chaldeans Hb 1:4, 13; ‖ שׂנְאֵי יהוה 2 Ch 19:2. 3. guilty of sin, against either God or man, wicked: האנשׁים הרשׁעים Nu 16:26 (J, rebellious Korahites), Mal 3:18 (not serving י׳), opp. צַדִּיק; sg. indiv. Ez 3:18(×2); 21:30; 33:8(×2) ψ 11:5; 32:10 Pr 9:7 +; coll. Is 3:11 Jb 34:18; 36:6, 17; pl. רשׁעים Is 53:9 Je 23:19 = 30:23, Zp 1:3 ψ 26:5; Pr 10:3; Ec 8:10 +; ‖ חסידים 1 S 2:9 (poem), ψ 12:9; 50:16; 97:10; 145:20; ‖ עֹזְבֵי תוֹרָתֶ֑ךָ 119:53, cf. v 61, +; †אדם ר׳ Pr 11:7; Jb 20:29; 27:13; אִישׁ ר׳ Pr 21:29; מלאך ר׳ 13:17; זֶרַע רשׁעים ψ 37:28; †עֲצַת רשׁעים 1:1; Jb 10:3; 21:16; 22:18; †דֶּרֶךְ רשׁעים Je 12:1 ψ 1:6; 146:9; Pr 4:19; 12:26; דֶּרֶךְ רשׁע 15:9; מִדַּרְכּוֹ הָֽרְשָׁעָה Ez 3:18, 19 (but v. Co, supr.); †רִשְׁעֵי (ה)ארץ ψ 75:9; 101:8; 119:119 Ez 7:21 (𝔊 Co עריצי).—רָשָׁע is rare before exile; chiefly Ez ψψ WisdLit.

† אָשַׁם, אָשֵׁם vb. offend, be guilty (Arabic أَثِمَ peccavit, إِثْمٌ offence, أَثَامٌ, إِثَامٌ, requital, fault, mulct, cf. Ethiopic ሕሠም:)— Qal Pf. אָשַׁם Lv 5:19 Nu 5:7; אָשֵׁם Hb 1:11 + 7 times; אָֽשְׁמָה Nu 5:6; אָשָׁ֑מְתָּ Pr 30:10; אָשַׁמְתְּ Ez 22:4; אָשֵׁ֑מוּ Lv 4:13; Impf. יֶאְשַׁם Ho 4:15 + 13 times; Inf. abs. אָשֹׁם Lv 5:19; אָשׁוֹם Ez 25:12;— 1. commit an offence, a trespass, do a wrong, or an injury, with לְ: אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם ליהוה he hath done a great wrong to Yahweh (in violating the commands) Lv 5:19 (P); וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ and he shall give it (restitution) to him to whom he did wrong Nu 5:7 (P), cf. 2 Ch 19:10, 10; וַיֶּאְשְׁמוּ אָשׁוֹם and they committed lasting wrong (irreparable wrong, the Edomites against Judah) Ez 25:12. 2. be or become guilty Ju 21:22 Je 50:7 Ho 4:15 Hb 1:11; in offences requiring sin-offering Lv 4:13, 22, 27 (P), of trespass-offering Lv 5:2, 3, 17, 23 Nu 5:6 (P); with ל guilty of Lv 5:4, 5 (P), with ב in or through Ez 22:4 Ho 13:1. 3. be held guilty, bear punishment ψ 34:22, 23 Pr 30:10 Is 24:6 Je 2:3 Ho 5:15; 10:2; 14:1 Zc 11:5 Ez 6:6 (but cf. שָׁמֵם). Niph. נֶאְשָׁמוּ suffer punishment Jo 1:18. (si vera l.; Me We al. נָשַׁמּוּ, √ שׁמם, cf. Drad loc). Hiph. Impf. sf. הַאֲשִׁימֵם declare them guilty ψ 5:11.

ἔνοχος, ον, ={ἐνεχόμενος}, held in, bound by, τοιαύταις δόξαις Refs 4th c.BC+; [ἔθεσι γεροντικοῖς] Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 with genitive, connected with, κοιλίης Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as law-term, liable to, subject to, νόμοις, δίκαις, NT+5th c.BC+; τοῖς ἐπιτιμίοις τοῦ φόνου Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. ἀνοίαις liable to the imputation of it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ἔνοχος ψευδομαρτυρίοις liable to action for.., Refs 5th c.BC+; βιαίων, λιποταξίου (i.e. δίκῃ, γραφῇ), LXX+5th c.BC+; ἔ. θανάτου liable to the penalty of death, NT+1st c.BC+: with infinitive, ἔ. ἔστω ἀποτῖσαι Refs __II.3 less frequently with Preps., ἔ. ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς Decrees cited in Refs 6th c.BC+ __II.4 guilty, liable to the penalty for, ἔ. τῷ φόνῳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4.b of property, subject to liability, Refs 6th c.AD+

† אוּרִים n.m. Urim (pl.intens., mostly c. art. the Urim, and mostly joined with תֻּמִּים q.v.) תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ הֲסִידֶךָ Dt 33:8 thy Thummim and thy Urim has the man of thy favour, i.e. the Levite tested at Massah & Meribah; הָאוּרִים וְהַתֻּמִּים were put into the חֹשֶׁן הַמִּשְׁפָּט of the high priest Ex 28:30 Lv 8:8 (P); this חֹשֶׁן (q.v.) was a little bag or pouch worn on breast of high priest, to hold the Urim & Thummim; the name ח׳ הַמִּשְׁפָּט was given because of decisions made by that which was within it; thus, Eleazar was to inquire of י׳ for Joshua בְּמִשְׁפַּט הָאוּרִים Nu 27:21 (P); Saul prayed הָבָה אוּרִים, opp. הבה תֻּמִּים, 1 S 14:41 𝔊, so We Dr (MT om. former, and reads תָּמִים in latter); י׳ did not answer Saul בָּאוּרִים, or by dreams or prophets 1 S 28:6; postex. Jews reserved difficult questions until there stood up a priest לְאוּרִים וּלְהֻמִּים Ezr 2:63 Ne 7:65 (here alone without art.) These passages give little information; 𝔊 δήλωσις καὶ ἀλήθεια, 𝔙 doctrina et veritas, Sym Φωτισμοὶ καὶ τελειότητες; JosAnt. 3:8, 9 thinks of the twelve gems of face of bag as giving decision by shining; PhiloVit. Mos. iii thinks of two small images (א׳ & ת׳), prob. embroidered in the cloth of the bag, like oracle-images of Egypt (DiodI, 48, 75 AelianVar. Hist. 14, 34); EwGesch. iii, 309; Antiq. 295, of two stones of different colours for sacred lot, on this v. Dr 1 S 14:41 where 𝔊 אוּרִים & תֻּמִּים as obj. of give, δός = הָבָה; cf. הַפִ��ילוּ v 42, וַיִּלָּכֵד v 41 (used of taking by lot 10:20 Jos 7:14, 16); v. also We & RSOTJC Lect x. N 4; BährSymbolik, of one thing within bag, a sacred pledge to high priest of the enlightenment & perfection he would receive from י׳ when called to make sacred decisions; Ka Ex 544 sees the sacred pledge in the twelve sacred gems themselves, that stimulate priest to self-sacrifice & perfect sanctification.

† תֹּם n.[m.] completeness, integrity;—תֹּם abs. Pr 10:29 +; cstr. Jb 4:6 ψ 78:72, cstr. also תָּם־ Pr 13:6 + 4 times; sf. תֻּמִּי ψ 26:1 + 11 times sf.; pl. תֻּמִּים Ex 28:30 + 3 times; sf. תֻּמֶּיךָ Dt 33:8;— 1. completeness, fulness: כְּתֻמָּם Is 47:9 2 בְּעֶצֶם תֻּמּוֹ Jb 21:23 in his very completeness. 2. innocence, simplicity: הלכים לתמם 2 S 15:11; מָשַׁךְ בַּקֶּשֶׁת לְתֻמּוֹ 1 K 22:34 = 2 Ch 18:33, i.e. without definite aim. 3. integrity: תֹּם לֵבָב integrity of mind Gn 20:5, 6 (E), 1 K 9:4 ψ 78:72; 101:2; תָּם־דֶּרֶךְ Pr 13:6; Jb 4:6; (הת)הלך בַּתֹּם Pr 10:9, בְּתֻמּוֹ 19:1; 20:7; 28:6, בְּתֻמִּי ψ 26:1, 11; הֹלְכֵי תֹם Pr 2:7; תֹּם רָישֶׁר ψ 25:21; בְּתֻמִּי 41:13; כְּתֻמִּי 7:9; מָעוֹז לַתֹּם Pr 10:29. 4. תֻּמִּים in אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים (meaning dub., v., אורים) Dt 33:8, Ex 28:30 (P) Lv 8:8 (P), Ezr 2:63 = Ne 7:65; + 1 S 14:41 (for תָּמִים) We Dr Bu HPS; also Ho 3:4 (for תרפים) CheJQ, July 1899, 564 and 4:5 (תֻּמֶּ֑יךָ for אִמֶּ֑ךָ) RubenJQ, April 1899, 44 Che l.c..

† אָשֵׁם adj. guilty, א׳ abs. 2 S 14:13; pl. אֲשֵׁמִים עַל־אָחִינוּ Gn 42:21 (E); guilty, and so bound to offer a trespass-offering Ezr 10:19; but read prob. וַאֲשָׁמָם, so KueChronol. v. h. Perzishce Tijdvak, 1890, 43.

ὑπόδῐκος, ον, (δίκη) brought to trial or liable to be tried, Legal cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐχ ὑ. [ἐστι] τὰ εἰκότα not liable to action, Refs 4th c.BC+; τινος for a thing, ὑ. γενέσθαι χερῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; φόνου Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν διπλασίων ὑ. ἔστω τῷ βλαφθέντι let him be liable to forfeit twice the amount to the person damaged,Refs 1st c.BC+; ὑ. ἀσεβείας γιγνέσθω τῷ ἐθέλοντι NT+5th c.BC+

† וָזָר adj. criminal, guilty הֲפַכְפַּךְ דֶּרֶךְ אִישׁ וָזָ֑ר Pr 21:8 crooked is the way of a guilty man (si vera l.; text dub.; possible dittogr. in ?וָזָר וְזַךְ?).