Sacrifice and Slaughter

זָבַח134 vb. slaughter for sacrifice (NH id., Ph. זבח; Assyrian zibû DlPr 174 cf. LotzTP 174; Arabic ذَبَحَ, Sab. דֿבח CIS iv. 1, 2, No.; 74 l. 11, 12; Aramaic דְּבַח, ܕܒܰܚ, Ethiopic ዘብሐ ) Qal112 Pf. ז׳ 1 K 8:63; 13:2, זָבַחְתָּ Ex 20:24 + 3 times, זָבַחְתִּי Ez 39:19, זָֽבְחוּ Ex 34:15 Lv 17:5, זְבַחְתֶּם Ex 8:24, זָבַחְנוּ Ex 8:23; Impf. וַיִזְבַּח Gn 31:54 + 14 times; 2 ms. sf. תִּוְבָּחֶנּוּ Dt 15:21, 2 fs. sf. וַתִּזְבָּחִים Ez 16:20, 1 s. אֶזְבַּח ψ 116:17, אֶזְבְּחָה ψ 27:6; 54:8 Jon 2:10; 2 mpl. תִּזְבְּחוּ Lv 19:5 + 2 times, תִּזְבָּ֑חוּ Lv 22:29 + 2 times; 1 pl. נִוְבְּחָה Ex 3:18 +, etc. (61 times Impf.); Imv. זְבַח ψ 50:14, זִבְחוּ Ex 8:21 ψ 4:6; Inf. cstr. זְבֹחַ 1 S 15:15 + 14 times, לִזְבּוֹחַ 2 Ch 11:16, בְּזָבְחוֹ 2 S 15:12; Pt. act. זֹבֵחַ Ex 13:15 + 8 times, זוֹבֵחַ Is 66:3, pl. זֹבְחִים Lv 17:5 + (20 times Pt.)— I. slaughter for sacrifice 1. c. acc. of a. kind of sacrifice ז׳ זֶבַח Gn 31:54 +, †פֶּסַח Dt 16:2, 5, 6, †שְׁלָמְים Dt 27:7 Jos 8:31, †תּוֹדָה ψ 50:14, 23, †עֹלוֹת ושׁלמים Ex 20:24 (E); cf. 23:18. b. victims, (α) animals †בָּקָר וָצֹאן 1 K 8:63 Nu 22:40, †צאן ובקר 2 Ch 18:2, †הַבְּרִיאָה Ez 34:3, †כָּל־פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם Ex 13:15 (J); †פָּרִים וְאֵילִים 1 Ch 15:26, שׁוֹר וָשֶׂה Dt 17:1; (β) mankind †בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת ψ 106:37 Ez 16:20, †זֹבְחֵי אָדָם sacrificers of mankind Ho 13:2 (so Ra AE Hi Wü MV men that sacrifice AV RV after Ki, so Pu Ew Ke Now Che SS). c. †תּוֹעֲבַת מִצְרַיִם Ex 8:22(×2) (E), †מָשְׁחָת Mal 1:14. 2. absolute 1 S 1:3 + often 3. c. לְ of deity, †לְדָגוֹן Ju 16:23, †לַשְּׂעִירִם Lv 17:7 (H), †לַשֵּׁדִים Dt 32:17 ψ 106:37; other gods Ex 34:15 (JE) +; but usually ליהוה Ex 3:18 + 9 times JE, Lv 17:5; 19:5; 22:5 (all H, not elsewhere in P), Dt 15:21; 16:2; 17:1; 1 S 1:3 +; †לֵאלֹהֵי אָבִיו Gn 46:1 (E), לאלהים ψ 50:14, †לאדני Mal 1:14. 4. with local prep. בְּ Gn 31:54 (E) +, עַל Ex 20:24 (E) +; לפני Lv 9:4 (P) +, על פני השׂדה Lv 17:5 (H). II. slaughter for eating (connected also with sacrifice, as all eating of flesh among ancient Hebrews was sacrificial, RSSem 219) 1 S 28:24 (fat calf for Saul), Ez 34:3 (fat sheep for shepherds), 2 Ch 18:2 (sheep and oxen for Jehoshaphat, c. לְ of person); cf. Dt 12:15; v 21 (abs.), 1 K 19:21. III. slaughter in divine judgment Ez 39:17–19 c. acc. זִבְחִי (Gog and Magog as feast for vultures), 1 K 13:2 2 K 23:20 (priests of high-places on their own altars). †Pi.22 Pf. זִבַּח 2 Ch 33:22, זִבְּחוּ ψ 106:38, זִבֵּ֑חוּ Ho 12:12; Impf. יְזַבֵּחַ Hb 1:16, יְזַבֵּ֑חוּ Ho 4:13, 14; 11:2 (7 times Impf.) Inf. cstr. לְזַבֵּחַ 1 K 12:32; Pt. מְזַבֵּחַ 1 K 3:3, pl. מְזַבְּחִים 2 Ch 5:6 + 8 times, מְזַבְּחוֹת 1 K 11:8;—sacrifice, 1. of the abundant sacrifices made to Yahweh by Solomon 1 K 8:5 = 2 Ch 5:6, and Hezekiah 2 Ch 30:22, and prob. intensive; but 2. elsewhere of sacrifice to other deities, possibly iterative in some cases, but certainly not in all: לַבְּעָלִים Ho 11:2, לֵאלֹהֵיהֶן 1 K 11:8, לַעֲגָלִים 12:32, לְחֶרְמוֹ Hb 1:16, לַעֲצַבֵּי כְנָ֑עַן ψ 106:38, לֵאלֹהֵי דַּרְמֶשֶׂק 2 Ch 28:23, לְכָל־הַפְּסִילִים 33:22; or in unlawful places עַל־רָאשֵׁי הֶהָרִים Ho 4:13 cf. v 14, בַּגִּלְגָּל 12:12, בַּבָּמוֹת 1 K 3:2, 3; 22:44 2 K 12:4; 14:4; 15:4, 35, 16:4 = 2 Ch 28:4. It is used without direct obj. Ho 4:14 and often; also c. acc. of victim שְׁוָרִים Ho 12:12 צֹאן וּבָקָר 1 K 8:5 = 2 Ch 5:6; sons and daughters ψ 106:38, זִבְחֵי שְׁלָמִים 2 Ch 30:22.

שָׁחַט84 vb. slaughter, beat (orig. beat, flay? cf. Assyrian šaḫâṭu, flay, take off dress; Arabic سَحَطَ slay (but ح = ḫ; is this loan-word in Arabic?); NH = BH, especially in ritual);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׁ׳ Je 39:6 +, sf. וּשְׁחָטוֹ consec. Lv 3:2, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁחַט Lv 4:24 +, 2 fs. וַתִּשְׁחֲטִי Ez 16:21, 3 mpl. sf. וַיִּשְׁחָט֫וּהוּ Ju 12:6; Imv. mpl. שַׁחֲטוּ Ex 12:21; 2 Ch 35:6; Inf. abs. שָׁחֹט Is 22:13; cstr. לִשְׁחֹט Gn 22:10, -וֹט Ez 40:39, sf. שַׁחֲטָם (Ges§ 64 a) Ez 23:39; Pt. act. שׁוֹחֵט Is 66:3, etc.; pass. שָׁחוּט 1 K 10:16 +, etc.;—slaughter: 1. beast for food 1 S 14:32, 34(×2); Is 22:13 (‖ הָרַג), cf. Lv 17:3(×2), for blood Gn 37:31 (E). 2. us. (51 times; Hex chiefly P, 38 times) term. techn. of killing sacrifice (BJacobZAW xvii (1897), 51), 1 S 1:25; Ex 29:11; 34:25 (J), Lv 1:5, 11; 4:24; 9:8; Nu 19:3; 2 Ch 29:22(×2), 24 +; abs. Ez 40:41 (אֶל loc.); bird Lv 14:5, 6, 50, 51; beast in illicit sacrifice Is 66:3; c. acc. of sacrifice (עוֹלָה, אָשָׁם, חַטָּאת, etc.) Ez 40:39 (אֶל loc.), v 42; 44:11; Lv 4:24; 7:2; 14:13 +; passover lamb †Ex 12:6, acc. הַפֶּסַח †v 21; 2 Ch 30:15; 35:1, 6, 11; Ezr 6:20. 3. slaughter pers. Ju 12:6 1 K 18:40; 2 K 10:7, 14 (אֶל loc.), 2 K 25:7 = Je 39:6a = 52:10a; Je 39:6b = 52:10b; 41:7; י׳ subj. Nu 14:16 (JE); in human sacrifice Gn 22:10 (E), to false gods Ez 16:21; 23:39; Is 57:5. 4. pt. pass. = beaten, hammered, זָהָב שָׁחוּט 1 K 10:16, 17 = 2 Ch 9:15a, 16, of shekels 2 Ch 9:15b; so also Je 9:7 Qr חֵץ שָׁחוּט (> Kt שׁוֹחֵט) hammered (i.e. sharpened) arrow. †Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׁחֵט Nu 11:22 (J) be slaughtered for food (subj. beast); 3 fs. תִּשָּׁחֵט Lv 6:18(×2) (P) be slain, of sacrifice.

θύω, __Aimperfect ἔθυον, Epic dialect θῦον Refs 8th c.BC+, Ionic dialect θύεσκον Refs 6th c.BC+future θύσω [ῡ] Refs 5th c.BC+, Doric dialect θυσῶ Refs 3rd c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural θυσέοντι Refs: aorist ἔθῡσα Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect θῦσα Refs: perfect τέθῠκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, future θύσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+ (as passive, Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐθυσάμην Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future τῠθήσομαι Refs 1st c.BC+aorist ἐτύθην [ῠ] Refs 5th c.BC+ (participle written θυθέν Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect τέθῠμαι Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ἐτέθῠτο Refs. [ῡ in future and aorist, ῠ in perfect active and passive, and aorist passive; ῡ generally in present and imperfect, except in trisyllable cases of participle, θῠοντα Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔθύ?~Xε, θύ?~Xων, Refs 5th c.BC+; θύ?~Xειν, at the end of a line, Refs 5th c.BC+; θύ?~Xεις, θύ?~Xω, Refs 3rd c.BC+; θύ?~Xωντι 3rd.pers. plural present subjunctive, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __A.I active, offer by burning meat or drink to the gods (τὸ θύειν δωρεῖσθαί ἐστι τοῖς θεοῖς Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦ ῥα καὶ ἄρ γματα θῦσε θεοῖς, of a drink-offering, Refs 8th c.BC+; so ἔνθα δὲ πῦρ κήαντες ἐθύσαμεν (i.e. τῶν τυρῶν) made an offering of cheese,Refs 5th c.BC+; πέλανον, δεῖπνα, Refs 4th c.BC+; πυρούς, ναστούς, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.2 sacrifice, slay a victim, [τῷ ἡλίῳ] θ. ἵππους (variant{ἵπποισι})Refs 5th c.BC+; θ. θῦμα, θυσίαν, Refs 5th c.BC+; θ. διαβατήρια, ἐπινίκια, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, τὰ τεθυμένα the flesh of the victim, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ τεθ. ἱεράRefs __A.I.2.b simply, slaughter, LXX+5th c.BC+ __A.I.3 absolutely, offer sacrifice, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῖσι θεοῖσι θ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.4 celebrate with offerings or sacrifices, σῶστρα θ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.5 with doubleaccusative, εὐαγγέλια θ. ἑκατὸν βοῦς sacrifice a hundred oxen for the good news, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.6 Ἑστίᾳ θύειν, proverbial of niggards, because sacrifices to Hestia admitted no one to share the offering, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II middle, cause a victim to be offered, τῶν θυμάτων ὧν δεῖ θύεσθαι καὶ παρίστασθαι Refs 1st c.BC+, etc.: hence frequently absolutely, consult the gods, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ Κρότωνα, ἐπὶ τῷ Πέρσῃ, i.e. on marching against.. , Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, θ. ἰέναι offer sacrifice [to learn] whether to go or not, Refsactive, ἔθυε (variant{ἐθύετο}) τῷ Διί.. πότερά οἱ λῷον καὶ ἄμεινον εἴη.. Refs; διαβατήρια θύεσθαι, as in active, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.2 metaphorically, tear in pieces, of wild beasts, Refs 4th c.BC+, cf. Sanskritdhūmás, Latin fumus 'smoke', θυμιάω, θύος, θυήλημα, τύφω, perhaps θεῖον (A), Latin suffire; compare {θύω})

σφᾰγ-ιον, τό, victim, offering, σφάγιον ἔθετο ματέρα Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑαυτὰς ἔδοσαν σφάγιον τοῖς πολίταις ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας Refs 4th c.BC+: mostly in plural, σφάγια παρθένους κτανεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ἔρδειν, τέμνειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ σ. δέξαι, addressed to a goddess, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in Refs 5th c.BC+ also, slaughter, sacrifice, δοῦλα σφάγια Refs

† שַׁחֲטָה n.f. (Qal Inf. cstr. Köi. 263) doubtful word;—וְשׁ׳ שֵׂטִים הֶעְמִיקוּ Ho 5:2 RV (cf. AV) the revolters are gone deep in slaughtering [‘Opferschlächterei’ Köii 1. 590, n. 1], Ew Now (formerly), Che in corrupting (read then שַׁחֲתָה); We Now GASm Marti שַׁחַת הַשִּׁטִּים have made deep the pit of Shiṭṭim (as place of idolatry).