Pledges and Security

† II. עָרַב vb. take on pledge, give in pledge, exchange (NH go surety for (rare); Ph. ערב surety; Old Aramaic ערבא pledge; 𝔗 עֲרַב, Syriac ܥܪܰܒ, go surety for; usually identified with I. ערב—mix, exchange, pledge—but quite uncertain; cf. BuhlLex LagBN 203);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Gn 44:32 + 4 times; 2 ms. עָרַבְתָּ Pr 6:1; Impf. 1 s. sf. אֶעֶרְבֶנּוּ Gn 43:9; Imv. עֲרֹב ψ 119:122, sf. עָרְבֵנִי Is 38:14, so Jb 17:3 (but v. infr.); Inf. cstr. לַעֲרֹב Ez 27:9; Pt. עֹרֵב Pr 17:18, etc.;— 1. c. acc. pers. take on pledge, i.e. go surety for the safety of, Gn 43:9 (J), 44:32 (J; + מֵעִם pers.); for the debts of Pr 11:15; 20:16; 27:13; of God Is 38;14 go surety for me, ψ 119:122, so Jb 17:3 (si vera l., v. עֵרָבוֹן); acc. pers. om., ע׳ לֵ Pr 6:1 go surety to one (in behalf of another, ‖ תָּקַּע לַזָּר כַּפֶּ֑יךָ); c. acc. rei Pr 22:26 (‖ תֹּקְעֵי־כָ֑ף. 2. give in pledge, c. acc. rei Ne 5:3 (i.e. mortgage), fig. ע׳ אֶת־לִבּוֹ Je 30:21 so ע׳ עֲרֻבָּה לִפְנֵי רֵעֵהוּ Pr 17:18 (‖ תֹּקֵעַ כָּ֑ף). 3. exchange (in trade), c. acc. cogn. מַעֲרָבֵךְ Ez 27:9, 27. Hithp. 1. recipr.: Imv. הִתְעָ֫רֶב נָא אֶת־אֲדֹנִי 2 K 18:23 exchange pledges (make a bargain) with my lord = Is 36:8. 2. a. have fellowship with, בְּ pers., Pf. 3 pl. הִתְעָֽרְבוּ Ezr 9:2; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְעָֽרְבוּ ψ 106:35; 2 ms. תִּתְעָרָ֑ב c. לְ pers. Pr 20:19, c. עִם pers. 24:21. b. share in, בְּ rei, 3 ms. יִתְעָרַב Pr 14:10 in his joy no other shares.

† I. [חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge (Arabic حَبَلَ bind; cf. Aramaic ܚܒܰܠ, ܚܰܒܶܠ travail; חֲבַל pledge (but rare and dub.); especially ܚܰܒܠܴܐ cord, field, חַבְלָא cord, ܚܶܒܠܴܐ, חֶבְלָא pain, especially of travail; Sab. חבל border-territory, or field, Sab, Denkm 48.49; Ethiopic ጠበለ ZimBP 93 n., comp. Assyrian naḫbalu, rope, snare)— Qal Pf. חָבָ֑ל Ez 18:16 Impf. יַחֲבֹל Dt 24:6; 2 ms. תַּחֲבֹל Dt 24:17; תַּחְבֹּל Ex 22:25 Jb 22:6; יַחְבְּלוּ Jb 24:3; יַחְבֹּ֑לוּ Jb 24:9; Imv. sf. חַבְלֵהוּ Pr 20:16; 27:13; Inf. abs. חָבֹל Ex 22:25; Pt. act. חֹבֵל Dt 24:6, cf. חֹבְלִים" dir="rtl" >חֹבְלִים Zc 11:7, 14 (name of מַקֵּל); pass. חֲבֻלִים Am 2:8;— 1. bind, only in חֹבְלִים, name of one of Zec.’s symbolic staves, Zc 11:7, 14 symbol. of fraternity. Especially 2. bind by taking a pledge of, hold by a pledge, sq. acc. pers. Pr 20:16; 27:13 Jb 22:6; take or hold in pledge, sq. acc. rei Ex 22:25 (JE), Dt 24:6(×2), 17 Jb 24:3; sq. acc. cogn. חֲבֹל Ez 18:16; עַל־עָנִי יַחְבֹּ֑לוּ Jb 24:9 prob. pregn. (v. Di) take pledges (getting power) over the poor; בְּגָדִים חֲבֻלִים Am 2:8 garments taken in pledge. Niph. Impf. יֵחָ֫בֶל לוֹ Pr 13:13 becometh pledged to it (i.e. pledged to pay the penalty, opp. יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם), so Ew Hi De Now Str RVm VB. > sub II. חָבַל q.v. Pi. Pf. 3 fs. חִבְּלָה Ct 8:5; חִבְּלַתְךָ Ct 8:5; Impf. יְחַבֶּל־ ψ 7:15;—writhe, twist, hence travail; of mother Ct 8:5(×2) (c. acc. of child; ‖ יְלָדָ֑תְךָ); metaph. of wicked man יְחַבֶּל־אָ֑וֶן וְהָרָה עָמָל וְיָלַד שָֽׁקֶר׃ ψ 7:15.

II. חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly (NH id. wound, injure; Arabic خَبَلَ corrupt or render unsound (the mind, a limb, etc.), خَبِلَ be deranged (in mind); Assyrian ḫabâlu, injure, VR62, 11; Aramaic ܚܰܒܶܠ, חַבֵּל corrupt, ruin; Ethiopic ተሐበለ be arrogant, audacious; Sab. חֿבל DHMEpigr. Denkm. 48; cf. Palm. חבל mortuus VogNo. 161 and often)— Qal Pf. 1 pl. חָבַלְנוּ Ne 1:7; Impf. 1 s. אֶחְבֹּל Jb 34:31; Inf. cstr. (used as abs.) Ne 1:7;—act corruptly against, חֲבֹל חבלנו לְ Ne 1:7; abs. Jb 34:31. Niph. Impf. יֵחָ֫בֶל לוֹ Pr 13:13 shall be ruined (לֵ reflex.), Thes RobGes AV RV, but חָבַל (v. p. 286). Pi. ruin, destroy: Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְחִבֵּל את מעשׂה ידיך Ec 5:5, subj. God. Impf. 3 fs. תְּחַבֵּל וְחֶבֶל נִמְרָץ Mi 2:10 that destroyeth, even with sore destruction; but read rather תְּחֻבְּלוּ ח׳ נ׳ ye shall be destroyed with etc., so 𝔊 Roorda Che. Inf. cstr. לְחַבֵּל c. acc., the poor Is 32:7, the land 13:5; abs. 54:16; cf. Pt. pl. מְחַבְּלִים Ct 2:15 c. acc. of foxes ruining vineyards. Pu. Pf. 3 ms. וְחֻבַּל consec. Is 10:27 of yoke, be ruined, broken, si vera l.; RSJPh. xiii. 1885, p. 62 proposes יחדל, cf. also Checrit. n.; and rem. by Di Du; 3 fs. חֻבָּ֑לָה Jb 17:1 my spirit is broken (‖ יָמַי נִזְעָ֑כוּ); Impf. 2 mpl. תְּחֻבְּלוּ Mi 2:10 (emend.: v. supr.)

† [עָבַט] vb. denom. take or give a pledge;— Qal Inf. cstr. לַעֲבֹט Dt 24:10 to take possession of a thing pledged (c. acc. cogn.); Impf. 2 ms. give a pledge תַּעֲבֹט Dt 15:6 (i.e. borrow). Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. וְהַעֲבַטְתָּ֫ גּוֹיִם רַבִּים v 6 and thou shalt cause many nations to give pledges (i.e. lend to them); Impf. 3 ms. sf. + Inf. abs. הַעֲבֵט תַּעֲבִיטֶנּוּ v 8 thou shalt surely lend to him (lit. as above). Pi. Impf. יְעַבְּטוּן Jo 2:7 hardly makes sense (lend on pledge = interchange?); most read יְעַבְּתוּן; יְעַוְּתוּן We, cf. Now Dr GASm; Gr יַטּוּן.

† עֲבוֹט n.[m.] pledge, article pledged as security for debt;—abs. ע׳ Dt 24:11, 13; sf. עֲבֹטוֹ v 10 (as acc. cogn.), v 12.

ἀρρᾰβών, ῶνος, ὁ, earnest-money, caution-money, deposited by the purchaser and forfeited if the purchase is not completed, ἀ. δοῦναί τινοςRefs 4th c.BC+: plural, deposits required from public contractors, Refs __2 generally, pledge, earnest, τὴν τέχνην ἔχοντες ἀ. τοῦ ζῆνNT+4th c.BC+ __3 present, bribe, Refs 1st c.AD+. (Semitic, probably Phoenician, word, Hebrew 'ērābōn: frequently written ἀραβών, NT+2nd c.BC+ __II ἀρραβών· πρόδομα, καὶ ἄγκιστρον, Refs 5th c.AD+

† I. [חָבַל] vb. bind, pledge (Arabic حَبَلَ bind; cf. Aramaic ܚܒܰܠ, ܚܰܒܶܠ travail; חֲבַל pledge (but rare and dub.); especially ܚܰܒܠܴܐ cord, field, חַבְלָא cord, ܚܶܒܠܴܐ, חֶבְלָא pain, especially of travail; Sab. חבל border-territory, or field, Sab, Denkm 48.49; Ethiopic ጠበለ ZimBP 93 n., comp. Assyrian naḫbalu, rope, snare)— Qal Pf. חָבָ֑ל Ez 18:16 Impf. יַחֲבֹל Dt 24:6; 2 ms. תַּחֲבֹל Dt 24:17; תַּחְבֹּל Ex 22:25 Jb 22:6; יַחְבְּלוּ Jb 24:3; יַחְבֹּ֑לוּ Jb 24:9; Imv. sf. חַבְלֵהוּ Pr 20:16; 27:13; Inf. abs. חָבֹל Ex 22:25; Pt. act. חֹבֵל Dt 24:6, cf. חֹבְלִים" dir="rtl" >חֹבְלִים Zc 11:7, 14 (name of מַקֵּל); pass. חֲבֻלִים Am 2:8;— 1. bind, only in חֹבְלִים, name of one of Zec.’s symbolic staves, Zc 11:7, 14 symbol. of fraternity. Especially 2. bind by taking a pledge of, hold by a pledge, sq. acc. pers. Pr 20:16; 27:13 Jb 22:6; take or hold in pledge, sq. acc. rei Ex 22:25 (JE), Dt 24:6(×2), 17 Jb 24:3; sq. acc. cogn. חֲבֹל Ez 18:16; עַל־עָנִי יַחְבֹּ֑לוּ Jb 24:9 prob. pregn. (v. Di) take pledges (getting power) over the poor; בְּגָדִים חֲבֻלִים Am 2:8 garments taken in pledge. Niph. Impf. יֵחָ֫בֶל לוֹ Pr 13:13 becometh pledged to it (i.e. pledged to pay the penalty, opp. יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם), so Ew Hi De Now Str RVm VB. > sub II. חָבַל q.v. Pi. Pf. 3 fs. חִבְּלָה Ct 8:5; חִבְּלַתְךָ Ct 8:5; Impf. יְחַבֶּל־ ψ 7:15;—writhe, twist, hence travail; of mother Ct 8:5(×2) (c. acc. of child; ‖ יְלָדָ֑תְךָ); metaph. of wicked man יְחַבֶּל־אָ֑וֶן וְהָרָה עָמָל וְיָלַד שָֽׁקֶר׃ ψ 7:15.

† חֲבֹל n.[m.] pledge (as binding)—יָשִׁיב ח׳ Ez 18:12; 33:15; as cogn. acc. c. חָבַל Ez 18:16.

† עֵרָבוֹן n.[m.] pledge;—נָתַן ע׳ give a pledge Gn 38:17, 18, לָקַח ע׳ v 20 (all J), receive (back) a pledge (when condition is fulfilled).—Jb 17:3 read perhaps עֶרְבֹנִי (for MT עָרְבֵנִי), as obj. of שִׂימָה set my pledge (a surety for me), so Beer Bu al.

† [תַּעֲרֻבָה] n.f. pledge;—only pl. in phr. בְּנֵי הַתַּעֲרֻבוֹת 2 K 14:14 i.e. hostages = 2 Ch 25:24.

ἔγγυος, ον, (ἐγγύη, compare ἀμφίγυος) secured, under good security, μνᾶς.. ἐγγύους ἐπὶτόκῳδεδανεις μένας Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 reliable, in comparative, ὅπλα -ώτερα Refs 4th c.AD+ __II substantive, ={ἐγγυητής, ἔγγυον παρέχειν} NT+6th c.BC+; ἔ. τῆς προξενίας giving security for.., Refs 4th c.BC+

† [חֲבֹלָה] n.f. id. (on format. cf. LgBN 179)—חֲבֹלָתוֹ Ez 18:7.

† עַבְטִיט n.[m.]intens. weight of pledges, heavy debts;—abs. מַכְבִּיד עָלָיו ע׳ Hb 2:6.

† תְּשׂ֫וּמֶת n.f. (deposit, then, cstr. ת׳ יַד׳) pledge, security, Lv 5:21 (P; ‖ פִּקָּדוֹן).