Olive Oil

שֶׁ֫מֶן192 n.m. 2 K 20:13 (on appar. f. Ct 1:3 cf. AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 99, 106) fat, oil;—שׁ׳ abs. Gn 28:18 +, cstr. Lv 8:2 +; שָׁ֑׳ 2 K 4:6 +; sf. שַׁמְנִי Ho 2:7 +, etc.; pl. שְׁמָנִים Am 6:6 +; sf. שְׁמָנֶיךָ Ct 1:3, -נַיִךְ 4:10;— 1. fat, fatness: קֶרֶן בֶּן־שׁ׳ Is 5:1 (of fertile slope); pl. גֵּיא־שְׁמָנִים 28:1, 4; of food (in fig.) 25:6(×2); lit. בְּשָׂרִי כַּחַשׁ מִשָּׁ֑מֶן ψ 109:24 (cf. צוֹם v a), cf. מִפְּנֵי שׁ׳ Is 10:27 (in fig., si vera l., meaning obscure; most now emend by conjecture; RSJPh xiii (1885), 62 עָלָה מִצָּפוֹן שֹׁדֵד [v. also II. חבל], joining to v 28; Du Marti has gone up from Pene-Rimmon [??], cf. Di-Kit). 2. a. oil, specif. olive-oil, as rich product Dt 8:8 + (v. זַיִת); hence עֵץ שׁ׳ Is 41:19 oil-tree, usually explained as wild olive, oleaster, so Ne 8:15 (‖ זַיִת), עֲצֵי שׁ׳ oleaster-wood 1 K 6:23, 31, 32, 33; once שׁ׳ הַמֹּר Est 2:2 (v. מֹר p. 600b; מ׳ also in holy anointing oil Ex 30:23). b. שׁ׳ as staple (condiment) Nu 11:8 (J; v. לשׁד), of value 1 K 17:12, 14, 16; 2 K 2:4, 6, 7 + 4 times; symb. of plenty Dt 32:13; 33:24; Jb 29:6; ascribed (falsely) to gift of Baals Ho 2:7; as royal treasure 2 K 20:13 = Is 39:2, cf. 1 K 5:25 (שׁ׳ כָּתִית, v. כ׳) = 2 Ch 2:9, 14 + 3 times; tribute Ho 12:2, art. of trade Ez 27:17; odoriferous Pr 27:9; Ct 1:3; 4:10, שׁ׳ רוֹקֵחַ Ec 10:1, so (fig.) Ct 1:3; Ec 7:1; Pr. 27:16 is corrupt, v. Toy; sign of luxury Ez 16:13; Pr 21:17, of prosperity Ez 16:20. c. שׁ׳ as medicament Is 1:6; as unguent, for shield 2 S 1:21, person Am 6:6; Mi 6:15; Dt 28:40; Ez 16:9; Est 2:12 ψ 92:11; 104:15, not for mourner 2 S 14:2; on head, token of happiness Ec 9:8, of hospitality, דִּשַּׁנְתָּ בַּשּׁ׳ רֹאשִׁי ψ 23:5 (fig.), in sim. 133:2; 141:5. d. for anointing king, פַּךְ הַשּׁ׳ 1 S 10:1; 2 K 9:1, 3, cf. v 6, c. קֶרֶן 1 S 16:1, 13; 1 K 1:39; cf. בְּשׁ׳ קָדְשִׁי מְשַׁחְתִּיו ψ 89:21. e. in various figs., of joy שׁ׳ שָׂשׂוֹן Is 61:3 ψ 45:8; soft words 55:22 Pr 5:3; as penetrating 109:18; as clear, transparent Ez 32:14. f. used in primitive worship, poured on stone Gn 28:18 (E), 35:14 (J). g. in later ritual: for anointing priests, tabern., altar utensils, etc. (P), made of various ingred., שׁ׳ זַיִת among them, Ex 30:24, שׁ׳ הָמִּשְׁחָה 25:6 Lv 8:2, 10, 12 + 11 times; שׁ׳ מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ Ex 30:25(×2) + 2 times; שׁ׳ מ׳ י׳ Lv 10:7, שׁ׳ מ׳ אֱלֹהָיו 21:12; שׁ׳ הַקּ׳ Nu 35:25; שׁ׳ alone Lv 14:10 + 12 times Lv 14; for lighting Ex 25:6 + 6 times + שׁ׳ זַיִת זָךְ כָּתִית Ex 27:20; Lv 24:2 (v. כָּתִית); poured upon מִנְחָה Lv 2:1 + 5 times, cf. 5:11 Nu 5:15; smeared (v. מָשַׁח) upon wafers Ex 29:2; Lv 2:4 +, and cakes (or mixed in the making? cf. בָּלַל) Ex 29:2; Lv 2:4, 5 +, so סֹלֶת בַּשׁ׳ Lv 2:7, etc. (c. 45 times in all), חַלַּת לֶחֶם שׁ׳ Ex 29:23; Lv 8:26. h. for use in temple 1 Ch 9:29. i. for תְּרוּמָה in Ezekiel’s temple Ez 45:14(×2) + 7 times 45, 46. †j. efficacy denied Mi 6:7. †k. offered to idols Is 57:9; Ez 16:18, 19; 23:41.—Vid. MacalisterHastDB Oil ARS KennedyEncy. Bib. Oil.

† I. יִצְהָר n.[m.] fresh oil (newly appeared, cf. ‘Ausbruch’ LagBN 129 Köii 1, 93; > Thes al. that which shines);—abs. יִצ׳ Ho 2:10 +, sf. יִצְהָרֶ֑ךָ Dt 7:13 +;—fresh oil, as product of land, in unmanufactured state, usually + תִּירוֹשׁ, דָּגָן etc., rich possession, gift of י׳ Ho 2:10, 24; Je 31:12; Dt 7:13; 11:14; Jo 2:19, 24, so חֵלֶב יִצ׳ Nu 18:12; Dt 28:51; Hg 1:11; 2 Ch 32:28; Ne 5:11; tithed Dt 12:17; 14:23; firstfruits for priest 18:4; Ne 10:38 cf. v 40 13:5 (tithe for Levites), v 12, for priest and Levite 2 Ch 31:5; זֵית יִצ׳ 2 K 18:32 oil-olive, i.e. oil-yielding olive-trees, cf. יִצ׳ alone Jo 1:10; יִצ׳ as anointing oil only in בְּנֵי הַיִּצ׳ Zc 4:14, i.e. anointed ones.

ἔλαιον, τό, (ἐλαία) olive-oil, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly anointing-oil, used after the bath, λοεσσαμένω καὶ ἀλειψαμένω λίπ᾽ ἐλαίῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; before wrestling and other gymnastic exercises, πωλησεῦντι τὸ ἔ. εἰς τὸ γυμνάσιον Refs; ἔ. θεῖναι to provide oil at the baths, Refs (a); ἐλαίῳ πῦρ κατας βεννύναι Refs 2nd c.AD+; εὐῶδες ἔ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ῥοδόεν (rose-scented) Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔ. λευκονRefs 4th c.BC+ __II any oily substance, ἔ. χήνειον Refs 5th c.BC+; κίκινον, ἀμυγδάλινον ἔ., etc., Refs 1st c.AD+; ἔ. ἀπὸ σελαχῶν, like our 'cod-liver oil', Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔ. ἀπὸ γάλακτος butter, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III at Athens, oil-market, ἀναμενῶ σε.. πρὸς τοὔλαιον Refs 4th c.BC+

† II. יִצְהָר n.pr.m. Ισ(σ)ααρ: Levite, son of Kohath Ex 6:18, 21; Nu 3:19; 16:1 1 Ch 5:28; 6:3, 23; 23:12, 18.

† מְשַׁח n.[m.] oil (v. BH);—abs. Ezr 6:9; 7:22.

† [מַשְׁמָן] n.[m.] fat piece, tid bit;—pl. מַשְׁמַנִּים (Gesl.c.) Ne 8:10 (for eating; ‖ מַמְתַקִּים for drinking).

† [צָהַר] vb.denom. from foreg., Hiph. press out oil;—Impf. 3 mpl. יַצְהִ֑ירוּ Jb 24:11.