Merchants and Traders

† I. כְּנַעֲנִי adj. et nom. gent. of 1. כְּנַעַן;—usually ms. (הַ)כְּנַעֲנִי Gn 38:2 Nu 21:1 +; fs. הַכְּנַעֲנִית Gn 46:10 = Ex 6:15 1 Ch 2:3; mpl.; (הַ)כְּנַעֲנִים Ob 20 Ne 9:24;— 1. adj. אִישׁ כ׳ Gn 38:2 (J). 2. c. art. as subst., a. of individual, הַכּ׳ מֶלֶךְ־עֲרָד Nu 21:1 (J) and hence 33:40 (P or R); f. הַכְּנַעֲנִית Gn 46:10 = Ex 6:15 (P) בַּת־שׁוּעַ הַכְּנַעֲנִית 1 Ch 2:3. b. usually coll. (c. art.) of pre-Isr. inhabitants of כְּנַעַן (q.v.) Gn 12:6; 24:3, 37; 50:11 (all J), Nu 21:3 (J), Jos 13:3 (D), Ju 1:1, 3, 9, 10, 17, many of whom continued to live in the midst of Isr., v 27, 28, 29(×2), 30, 32, 33 Jos 16:10(×2), 17:12, 13, 16, 18 (all JE), 1 K 9:16; pl. only Ob 20, and יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ הַכְּנַעֲנִים Ne 9:24; מִשְׁפְּחוֹת הַכּ׳ Gn 10:18, גְּבוּל הַכּ׳ v 19 (both J), אֶרֶץ הַכּ׳ Ex 13:11 (JE), Ez 16:3; often of part of the inhabit., הַכּ׳ וְכָל יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ Jos 7:9 (JE), Dt 11:30; with other n.pr.gent., + הַפְּרִזִּי Gn 13:7; 34:30 (both J), Ju 1:4, 5, + הָאֱמֹרִי Dt 1:7 Jos 5:1; 13:4 (all D); + הַחִוִּי 2 S 24:7; + עֲמָלֵקִ(י) Nu 14:25, 43, 45; especially in the list of peoples dispossessed by Isr., Gn 15:21 Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11 Nu 13:29 (הַכּ׳ dwelling by the sea and along Jordan [cf. Dt 1:7; 11:30 Jos 5:1; 11:3; 13:4]; all these JE), Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 3:10; 9:1; 11:3; 12:8; 24:11 (all JED), Ju 3:3, 5; hence Ezr 9:1 Ne 9:8. Cf. Dr Dt. p. 11, 13 f., 97, 133.

† תּוּר vb. seek out, spy out, explore (NH id. (rare); perhaps orig. turn (to or about), Assyrian târu, turn about, back, taiâru adj. turning back, also merciful, and subst. mercy; Arabic تَارَ (و) iv. go about (rare), تَوْرٌ a go-between);— Qal Pf. 1 s. תַּרְתִּי Ez 20:6; Ec 2:3; 3 pl. תָּרוּ Nu 13:32; 2 mpl. תַּרְתֶּם 14:24; Impf. 3 mpl. יָתֻ֫רוּ 13:2, וַיָּתֻ֫רוּ v 21; read also 3 ms. יָתוּר Jb 39:8 𝔙 𝔗 Ew Di Bu Du and most (for יְתוּר); 2 mpl. תָּתוּ֫רוּ Nu 15:39; Inf. cstr. תּוּר 10:33 +; Pt. pl. תָּרִים 14:6, on 1 K 10:15; 2 Ch 9:14 v. infra;— 1. seek out, select: לָתוּר לָהֶם מְנוּחָה Nu 10:33 (J, subj. ark of י׳), cf. Dt 1:33 (subj. י׳), Ez 20:6 (id., acc. land); sq. inf. = find out how to do something, ת׳ בְּלִבִּי לְ Ec 2:3. 2. spy out, explore, acc. of land Nu 13:2, 16, 17, 21, 25, 32(×2); 14:7, 34, 36, 38, acc. of mts. Jb 39:8 (v. supr.), cf. Pt. as subj. explorers, spies Nu 14:6 (all P); explore mentally, לָדַעַת וְלָת׳ וּבַקֵּשׁ חָכְמָה Ec 7:25, cf. 9:1 Gr (ת׳ for בוּר q.v.), לָת׳ בְּחָכְמָה עָל־ 1:13 (KueOnd. 2, iii. 196). 3. go about, fig. אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם Nu 15:39 (P); Pt. אַנְשֵׁי הַתָּרִים 1 K 10:15; 2 Ch 9:14, usually merchants (‖ סֹחֲרִים רֹכְלִים); Kit, after 𝔖 2 Ch, proposes הֶעָרִים for הַתָּרִים. Hiph. Impf. 3 mpl. וַיָּתִּ֫ירוּ בְּבֵית־אֵל Ju 1:23 they made a reconnaisance at Bethel (Vrss disagree, Gie וַיַּחֲנוּ, cf. GFM); 3 ms. יָתֵר מֵרֵעֵהוּ צַדִּיק Pr 12:26 the righteous searches out (RV is a guide to) his friend, 𝔗 AV is more excellent than (reading יָתָר), Hi Ew De al. spies out his pasture (מִרְעֵהוּ, in spiritual sense), all dubious; Toy conjectures יָסֻר מֵרָעָה.

† [סָחַר] vb. go around, about, travel about in (NH id., go about as merchant, pedlar, perhaps denom. from סוֹחֵר (Jastr); 𝔗 סְחַר, אַסְחַר 4 PS2593 (rare), especially Chr Pal. Aramaic v. SchwallyIdiot. 61 f.; Assyrian saḫâru, turn, surround, Tel Am. return WklTA Gloss.; 𝔗 surround (often), and deriv.; Arabic سَخَرَ is mock at, deride);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. סָֽחֲרוּ Je 14:18; Impf. 3 mpl. יִסְחֲרוּ Gn 34:21; 2 mpl. תִּסְחָ֑רוּ Gn 42:34; Imv. mpl. sf. סְחָרוּהָ Gn 34:10; Pt. סֹחֵר Gn 23:16, סוֹחֵר Pr 31:14; cstr. סֹחֵר Is 23:2; fs. sf. סֹחַרְתֵּךְ Ez 27:12, 16, 18 + סֹחֲרֹתַיִךְ v 15 (v. infr.); mpl. סֹחֲרִים Gn 37:28 + 2 times; cstr. סֹחֲרֵי 1 K 10:28 + 3 times; sf. סֹחֲרַיִךְ Is 47:15, -רָ֑יִךְ Ez 27:21, -רֶיהָ Is 23:8;— 1. go about, to and fro (i.e. go about one’s affairs, carry on one’s business) in, c. acc. אֶרֶץ Gn 42:34 (E), 34:10, 21 (P); c. אֶל־אֶרֶץ Je 14:18, but dub., 𝔊 Gf Hi Or CoHpt RothstKau journey unto a land which they have not known. 2. Pt. = subst. a trafficker, trader (who goes about with wares, etc.) Gn 23:16 (P), 37:28 (E), Is 23:2, 8; 47:15 1 K 10:28 = 2 Ch 1:16, Ez 27:21(×2), 36; 38:13; + תָּרִים 2 Ch 9:14; f., of a city or country, Ez 27:12, 16, 18; also in v 15 read סֹחֲרֹתַיִךְ for MT (ידך) סְחֹרַת Sm Co Berthol Toy. Peʿal��al. Pf. 3 ms. לִבִּי סְחַרְחַר ψ 38:11 (Ges§ 55 e) my heart palpitates (+ עֲזָבַנִי כֹחִי).

† [רָכַל] vb. prob. go about, from one to another (for trade or gossip) (? connected with רגל; cf. Arabic رَكَلَ kick a horse, to make him go [? proposes use the foot, cf. رجل ?]; NH רוֹכֵל, Aramaic רוֹכְלָא, ܪܰܟܳܠܴܐ trader, NH רְכִילוּת slander [cf. مَشَى calumniator, from مَاشٍ go about, Qor 2:19 al.]);— Qal Pt. רוֹכֵל Ct 3:6; fs. cstr. רֹכֶ֫לֶת Ez 27:3, sf. רֹכַלְתֵּךְ v 20, 23; mpl. רֹכְלִים 1 K 10:15 +, etc.;—as subst. = trafficker, trader: usually pl., Na 3:16; Ez 17:4 (עִיר ר׳), 27:13, 15, 17, 22(×2), 23a (24 Ne 3:31, 32; 13:20 (+ מֹכְרֵי כָל־מִמְכָּר); מִסְחַר הָר׳ 1 K 10:15 (text dub.; cf. מ׳, p. 695); sg. fig. of Tyre, רֹכֶלֶת הָעַמִּים אֶל־אִיִּים רַבִּים Ez 27:3, of a people v 20, 23b (pl. MezḤarran 34 Krae, v. also כִּלְמָד); sg. of pers. only אַבְקַת רוֹכֵל Ct 3:6.

ἔμπορ-ος, ον, one who goes on ship-board as a passenger, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II = ὁ ἐν πόρῳ ὤν, wayfarer, traveller, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III merchant, trader, Refs 7th c.BC+; distinguished from the retail-dealer (κάπηλος) by his making voyages and importing goods himself, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. βίου a trafficker in life, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὥρης ἔ. a dealer in beauty, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 as adjective, ={ἐμπορικός, ναῦς ἔ}. Refs 1st c.BC+

κᾰπηλ-εύω, to be a retail-dealer, drive a petty trade, Refs 5th c.BC+; δι᾽ ἀψύχου βορᾶς σίτοις καπήλευ᾽ drive a trade, chaffer with your vegetable food, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II with accusative, sell by retail, τὸν ἕρπιν Refs 6th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, κ. τὰ πρήγματα, of Darius, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὰ μαθήματα sell learning by retail, hawk it about, NT+5th c.BC+; so ἔοικεν οὐ καπηλεύσειν μάχην will not peddle in war, i. e. fight half-heartedly, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. τὴν πολιτείαν traffic in grants of citizenship, Refs 2nd c.AD+; κ. τῆς ὥρας ἄνθος or τὴν ὥραν, of prostitutes, Refs 1st c.AD+; εἰρήνην πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Χρυσίου κ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; τύχη καπηλεύουσα.. τὸν βίον playing tricks with life, corrupting it, Refs 6th c.AD+

† [חַבָּר] n.m. associate, partner in a trade or calling, only יִכְרוּ עָלָיו חַבָּרִים Jb 40:30 will partners (i.e. those engaged in the catch) make traffic upon it (the crocodile)?