Locusts and Swarms

† עָוֹן n.m. Is 22:14 iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity;—ע׳ abs. Ex 28:43 +; עָווֹן 2 K 7:9 ψ 51:7; cstr. עֲוֹן Gn 15:16 +; עֲווֹן 1 Ch 21:8; sf. עֲוֹנִי Gn 4:13 + (2 S 16:12 read בְּעָנְיִי), עֲוֹנְךָ Ho 9:7 +; עֲוֹנֵ֑כִי ψ 103:3; עֲוֹ֔נָהֿ Nu 15:31 (Ges§ 91 e), etc.; pl. עֲוֹנוֹת abs. ψ 130:3 +, cstr. Jb 13:26 +; עְוֹנֹת abs. ψ 65:4, cstr. Lv 16:21 +; sf. עֲוֹנֹתֶיךָ Is 43:24, עֲוֹנֹתֵיכֶם Nu 14:34 +, etc.; also עֲוֹנֶיךָ Ez 28:18; עֲוֹנֵינוּ Is 64:6 +, etc. (SS doubt all these);— 1. iniquity, Jb 15:5; 20:27 Je 11:10; 14:7; 16:17 La 2:14 Ez 4:5; 7:13; ‖ חטאת 1 S 20:1 Jb 13:23 Is 5:18; 43:24; 59:2 Je 5:25; 16:10 La 4:6, 13 Dn 9:16 Ho 4:8; 13:12; ‖ פשׁע Jb 14:17; 31:33 ψ 107:17 Is 50:1; 53:5; ‖ אשׁמה Ezr 9:6, 7, 13; רעה Jb 22:5 Ho 7:1. a. ע׳ נְעוּרַי Jb 13:26 iniquities of my youth; ע׳ חֶרֶב 19:29 iniquities calling for the sword; ע׳ פְּלִילִי(ם) 31:11, 28 iniquity for (to be punished by) judges; שְׁתֵּי עֲוֹנֹתָם Ho 10:10 (so read Vrss Hi al.); כשׁל בע׳ stumble by iniquity Ho 5:5; 14:2; cf. מִבְשׁוֹל ע׳ Ez 7:19; 14:3, 4, 7; 18:30; 44:12; לכל־עון Dt 19:15; אשׁתמרה מע׳ 2 S 22:24 = ψ 18:24; עָוֹן אֲשֶׁר־חֵטְא Ho 12:9. b. iniquity as recognized, ידע ע׳ 1 S 3:13; Is 59:12; Je 3:13; 14:20; confessed, התודה ע׳ Lv 16:21; 26:40(×2) (P), Ne 9:2; הגיד ע׳ ψ 38:19; לא כסה ע׳ 32:5; brought to remembrance, הזכיר ע׳ Nu 5:15 (P) 1 K 17:18; Ez 21:28, 29; 29:16; causing shame, יִכָּֽלְמוּ מע׳ Ez 43:10; turned from, שׁוּב מע׳ Dn 9:13, cf. השׁיב מע׳ Mal 2:6. c. (i) phrases of punishment: פקד ע׳ על Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Ex 34:7; Nu 14:18; (J), Lv 18:25 (H) 2 S 3:8; Is 13:11; 26:21; Je 25:12; 36:31; Am 3:2; without על, La 4:22, פקד ע׳ ב ψ 89:33; Jb 11:6 v. נָשָׁא²" dir="rtl" >II. [נָשָׁא²" dir="rtl" >נשׁא]; יסּר על ע׳ ψ 39:12 chastise for iniquity; שַׁתָּ֯ ע׳לנגדךָ 90:8 set our iniquities before thee; גמל כע׳ 103:10; שׁמר ע׳ 130:3; שׁלּם ע׳ Is 65:7(×2); Je 16:18; 32:18; מַטְבֵּחַ בע׳ Is 14:21; (2) of forgiveness or removal: העביר ע׳ 2 S 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8; Jb 7:21 Zc 3:4; משׁתי ע׳ 3:9; סלח לע׳ Ex 34:9 Nu 14:19 (J), ψ 25:11; 103:3; Je 31:34; 33:8; 36:3; נשׂא ע׳ Ex 34:7; Nu 14:18 (J), ψ 32:5; 85:3; Is 33:24; Ho 14:3; Mi 7:18; סר ע׳ Is 6:7; יכבושׁ ע׳ Mi 7:19; (3) of covering over, כסה על ע׳ Ne 3:37; כפּר ע׳ ψ 78:38; Pr 16:6; Is 22:14; 27:9; Dn 9:24; כפּר על ע׳ Je 18:23; יתכפּר ע׳ 1 S 3:14; (4) of cleansing from: כבּס מע׳ ψ 51:4; מחה ע׳ v 11; טהר מע׳ Je 33:8; Ez 36:33; (5) of imputing, reckoning to one: חשׁב ע׳ ל 2 S 19:20 ψ 32:2; (ל) זכר ע׳ 79:8; Is 64:8; Je 14:10; Ho 8:13; 9:9; יִזָּכֵר ע׳ ψ 109:14; בקשׁ (ל)ע׳ Jb 10:6; Je 50:20; (6) פדה מע׳ ψ 130:8 ransom from iniquity. 2. Guilt of iniquity (not always easy to disting. from 1; SS give more, Buhl fewer, sub 2);—‖ תועבות Ez 36:31; ‖ דם Is 59:3; ‖ חמם Ez 9:9; ע׳ פעור Jos 22:17 (P); ע׳ סדם Ez 16:49; ע׳ בצעוֹ Is 57:17; שְׁנֵי עונם Ez 4:4; נִכְתָּם עֲוֹנֵךְ לְפָנַי Je 2:22 the guilt of thine iniquity is marked before me; מצא ע׳ Gn 44:16 (E) ψ 36:3. a. ע׳ בְ: guilt of iniquity upon one Nu 15:31 (P) 1 S 20:8; 2 S 14:32; לא ע׳ לִי Jb 33:9 (‖ זַךְ); בלי־עון ψ 59:5 without my guilt. b. guilt, as great, increased: רֹב עָוֹן Je 13:22; 30:14, 15; Ez 28:18; Ho 9:7; לֹא־שָׁ��ֵם ע׳ Gn 15:16 (J); ע׳ עָֽבְרוּ רֹאשִׁי ψ 38:5; ע׳ עֲקֵבַי יְסוּבֵּנִי 49:6; ע׳ הִשִּׂיגוּנִי 40:13; ע׳ גברו מני 65:4; עַם כֶּבֶד ע׳ Is 1:4; בע׳ נלקח Ez 33:6. c. as a condition, בע׳: d. חוללתי was I brought forth ψ 51:7; e. גָּוַע expire Jos 22:20 (P); c. מות die Je 31:30; Ez 3:18, 19; 18:17, 18; 33:8, 9. 3. Consequence of, or punishment for, iniquity (SS include most of these under 2, and do not recognize 3; Buhl thinks this meaning rare, giving only Gn 4:13; Is 5:18);—אִם יִקְּ֯רֵךְ ע׳ בדבר הזה 1 S 28:10 no punishment shall happen unto thee for, etc.; נשׂא ע׳ bear the punishment for iniquity of others Ex 28:38; Lv 10:17 (take away ע׳ Di Nowii. 233 n.) 16:22; Nu 30:16 (P), Ez 4:4, 5, 6; בע׳ 18:19, 20(×2); one’s own, Ex 28:43 Lv 5:1, 17; 7:18; 17:16; 19:8; 20:17, 19; 22:16; Nu 5:31; 14:34; 18:1(×2), 23 (P), Ez 14:10; 44:10, 12; גדול ע׳מנשׂוא Gn 4:13 (J) my punishment is greater than I can bear; נִרְצָה עֲוֹנָהּ Is 40:2 her punishment is accepted, cf. רצה ע׳ Lv 26:41, 43 (H); ומצאנוּ ע׳ 2 K 7:9 punishment will overtake us; תנה ע׳ על ע׳ ψ 69:28 add punishment to their punishment; ע׳ הוא יסבל Is 53:11 the consequences of their iniquities he shall bear, cf. ע׳ סָבָ֑לְנוּ La 5:7; הפגיע בו ע׳ Is 53:6; נִקָּה מע׳ freed from punishment Nu 5:31 (P) Jb 10:14; בי אני העון 1 S 25:24 on me the punishment; עלי הע׳ 2 S 14:9; בע׳ c. various vbs.: Gn 19:15 (J) Lv 26:39(×2) (H) ψ 31:11; 106:43; Je 51:6; Ez 4:17; 7:16; 24:23; 39:23; עת ע׳ קץ 21:30, 34; 35:5; see also: Pr 5:22 (‖ חַבְלֵי חטאת), Is 30:13; 64:5, 6; La 4:22; Ez 4:4; 14:10(×2); 32:27.

ἐκδῐκ-ησις, εως, ἡ, avenging, ἐ. ποιεῖσθαι to give satisfaction, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἐ. ποιεῖσθαί τινος obtain it from.., Refs; legal remedy, Refs 6th c.AD+; ἐ. ποιεῖν τινι avenge him, NT

† IV. כֵּן (?), כִּנִּם, כִּנָּם n.[m.], meaning dub.; either gnat, gnats, gnat-swarm (so 𝔊 𝔙 PhiloVita Mos. i, p. 97, OrigenHom 4, 6 in Ex., and most moderns), or [louse,] lice (so 𝔖 𝔗 JosAnt. ii, 14, 13 BochHieroz. II, ii, 572 f., as NH כִּנָּה, pl. כִּנִּים = maggots, and especially lice)—abs. perh. כֵּן Is 51:6 (v. infr.); pl. כִּנִּים Ex 8:13, 14 ψ 105:31, כִּנִּם Ex 8:12; Ex 8:13, 14 has, also, כִּנָּם prob. a mere Mas. device for כִּנִּם (cf. Di), on account of preceding וַתְּהִי (on which see Ges§ 145. 4 DaSynt. § 116); Sam. has כנים throughout:—of Egyptian plague Ex 8:12, 13(×2), 14(×2) (all P), hence ψ 105:31; כְּמוֹ־כֵן יְמוּתוּן Is 51:6 like a gnat-swarm (?) shall they die (cf. Di Du; Weir Che read כנים, cf. Buhlp. 355; > Brd De like this). Note.—NöM 54 BaNB § 15, ES 53 BuhlGes HWB ed. 12 connect this word etymol. with Aramaic כלמתא vermin, Ba and Buhl also with Assyrian kalmatu, id. [DlHWB 333], and even with Aramaic קלמתא, ܩܰܠܡܬܳܐ, Arabic قَمْلٌ, etc., Ethiopic ቍማl louse; but these connexions, as well as that with NH כְּנִימָה, all involving radical מ, are most improb.

† I. דְּבוֹרָה n.f. bee (cf. Arabic دِبْرٌ, swarm of bees, Aramaic דַּבַּרְתָּא, Syriac ܕܶܒܘܽܪܝܺܬܳܐ ) Is 7:18; pl. דְּבֹרִים Dt 1:44 Ju 14:8 ψ 118:12. Read also דְּבֹרוֹ its bees 1 S 14:26 for MT דְּבַשׁ cf. 𝔊 We Dr.

δίκη [ῐ], ἡ, custom, usage, αὕτη δ. ἐστὶ βροτῶν this is the way of mortals, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἡ γὰρ δ., ὁππότε.. this is always the way, when.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; δίκαν ἐφέπειν τινός to imitate him, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. ἐπέχειν τινός to be like.., Refs 1st c.AD+; normal course of nature, ἐκ τουτέων ὁ θάνατος οὐ γίνεται κατά γε δίκην, οὐδ᾽ ἢν γένηται Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 adverbial in accusative δίκην, in the way of, after the manner of, with genitive, λύκοιο Refs 5th c.BC+; in later Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II order, right, μή τι δίκης ἐπιδευές nothing short of what is fit, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to σχέτλια ἔργα, Refs 8th c.BC+; Truth, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 δίκη ἐστί, ={δίκαιόν ἐστι}, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 Adverb. usages, δίκῃ duly, rightly, Refs 8th c.BC+ on the score of justice, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίχα δίκης without trial, Refs 1st c.AD+; πρὸ δίκης in preference to legal proceedings, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III judgement, δίκην ἰθύντατα εἰπεῖν give judgement most righteously (compare ἰθύς), Refs 8th c.BC+ __IV after Refs 8th c.BC+, of proceedings instituted to determine legal rights, hence, __IV.1 lawsuit, Refs 5th c.BC+; properly private suit or action, opposed to γραφή (which see), Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ δίκην ἔχοντες the parties to a suit, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV.2 trial of the case, πρὸ δίκης Refs 5th c.BC+; court by which it was tried, ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστι καὶ τῇ δίκῃ Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.2.b δίκην εἰπεῖν to plead a cause, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.3 the object or consequence of the action, atonement, satisfaction, penalty, δίκην ἐκτίνειν, τίνειν, Refs 5th c.BC+: adverbially in accusative, τοῦ δίκην πάσχεις τάδ; Refs 4th c.BC+; frequently δίκην or δίκας διδόναι suffer punishment, i. e. make amends (but δίκας δ., in Refs 4th c.BC+, to grant arbitration); δίκας διδόναι τινί τινος Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἀντί or ὑπέρ τινος, Refs 5th c.BC+; also δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ θεῶν to be punished by.., Refs 5th c.BC+; but δίκας ἤθελον δοῦναι they consented to submit to trial, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκας λαμβάνειν sometimes ={δ. διδόναι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; more frequently its correlative, inflict punishment, take vengeance, Refs 5th c.BC+; so δίκην ἔχειν to have one's punishment, Refs 5th c.BC+ have satisfaction, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκας or δίκην ὑπέχειν stand trial, Refs 5th c.BC+; θανάτου δίκην ὀφλεῖν ὑπό τινος to incur the death penalty, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκην φεύγειν try to escape it, be the defendant in the trial (opposed to διώκειν prosecute), Refs 4th c.BC+; δίκας αἰτέειν demand satisfaction, τινός for a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; τινός for a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκας ἑλεῖν, see at {ἔρημος} 11; δίκην τείσασθαι, see at {τίνω} 11; δὸς δὲ δίκην καὶ δέξο παρὰ Ζηνί Refs; δίκας διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν παρ᾽ ἀλλήλων, of communities, submit causes to trial, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκας δοῦναι καὶ δέξασθαι submit differences to a peaceful settlement, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V Refs 4th c.BC+ name for three, Refs 1st c.AD+; for five, Refsdiś-, diśā 'direction', 'quarter of the heavens'.)

κόλ-ᾰσις, εως, ἡ, checking the growth of trees, especially almond-trees, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 chastisement, correction, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τιμωρία, Refs 4th c.BC+; of divine retribution, NT+5th c.BC+

† עֹ֫נֶשׁ n.[m.] indemnity, fine;—וַיִּתֶּן־ע׳ עַל־הָאָרֶץ 2 K 23:33; of individual נֹשֵׂא ע׳ Pr 19:19.

ἐπιτιμ-ία, ἡ, the condition of an ἐπίτιμος, enjoyment of all civilrights and privileges, opposed to ἀτιμία, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ συνειλεγμένον εἰς τὴν ἐ. money collected for the recovery of the franchise, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II punishment, penalty, LXX+1st c.AD+ __III dignity, respect, ἀξιώματος Refs 2nd c.AD+; good name, πάντα ποιεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίας ἐ. Refs 1st c.AD+

κώνωψ, ωπος, ὁ, gnat, mosquito, Refs 5th c.BC+

τῑμωρ-ία, Ionic -ίη, ἡ, retribution, vengeance (differing from κόλασις, corrective punishment, NT+5th c.BC+; πατρὸς τ. vengeance taken for him, Refs 5th c.BC+; μητρὸς αἵματος τιμωρίαι for having shed a mother's blood, Refs; ἐπὶ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ τ. for the purpose of punishing us, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ κατὰ τῶν προδιδόντων τ. vengeance against or upon.., Refs 5th c.BC+ execute vengeance, Refs 4th c.BC+; τινος on one, Refs 5th c.BC+; but παρά τινος λαμβάνειν τ. exact it from him, Refs 4th c.BC+; of the wrongdoer, τ. Ἀθηνῶν ηὗρε found, i.e. suffered, vengeance at Athens' hand, Refs 4th c.BC+; τιμωρίας τυγχάνειν to be punished, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc. (but also, obtain vengeance, Refs 5th c.BC+; of persons in authority, αἱ τ. εἰσὶ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. δοῦναί τινι give him right of vengeance, Refs 4th c.BC+: plural, penalties, λαμβάνειν τὰς ἀξίας τ. Refs 4th c.BC+; ταῖς ἐσχάταις τιμωρεῖσθαι τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of state-punishments, LXX; οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν τ. Refs 1st c.AD+; of divine punishments, ἐξορκίζω σε.. κατὰ <τῶν ἐπὶ> τῶν τ. τεταγμένων Refs __II succour, εὑρήσεται τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος due to him, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 of medical and, Refs 5th c.BC+

† בִּקֹּ֫רֶת n.f. punishment after examination (inquisition) Lv 19:20; (scourging 𝔙 AV after Jewish trad. Kerith 11 a Sifra Saad AE Ki cf. MalbimSifra Jastrow.Dict. 165.)

† [חֲנָמֵל] n.[m.] only בַּחֲנָמַ֑ל ψ 78:47 (on form v. DrSm p. 98) as instr. of destroying sycomores (‖ בָּרָד); meaning conject.; 𝔊 𝔙 frost.

חַרְגֹּל n.[m.] a kind of locust (NH id.; Aramaic ܚܰܪܓܳܠܴܐ חַרְגּוֹלָא حَرْجَلٌ (Dozy), all = locust; حَرْجَلَةٌ swarm of locusts (Frey))—only Lv 11:22 (P) in list of edible insects, ‖ אַרְבֶּה, סָלְעָם, חָגָב.

† מוּסָדָה n.f. foundation, appointment מַטֵּה מוּסָדָה Is 30:32 rod of appointment (cf. Hb 1:12 יָסַד), appointed rod (of punishment); pl. cstr. מוּסְדוֹת Ez 41:8 Qr, must mean foundations (si vera l.); Kt perhaps intends Pu. Pt. מְיֻסָּדוֹת founded, furnished with foundations (conject. emendation by Co).

† סָלְעָם n.m. an edible, winged, locust (NH id.; swallower, consumer, cf. 𝔗 סַלְעֵם swallow up, destroy; Arabic سَلْغَفَ vb. swallow, Köii.1, 404);—Lv 11:22 (+ אַרְבֶּה, חַרְגֹּל, חָגָב).

† צְלָצַ֑ל n.m. a whirring locust (cf. Assyrian ṣarṣaru, Arabic صَرْصَرٌ, Syriac ܨܺܝܨܪܳܐ, ܨܰܪܨܽܘܪܳܐ; LagGes Abh. 145, N. 9);—Dt 28:42 (devouring; not identif.; TrNHB 313).