Knowledge and Learning

† דַּ֫עַת n.f. ψ 139:6 Dn 12:4 (m. Pr 2:10; 14:6, poss. Jb 33:3 Ew§ 174 g) knowledge (proposes Inf., which appears clearly Gn 2:9, 17 Je 22:16)—abs. דַּ֫עַת Gn 2:9 + 35 times; דָּ֑עַת Jos 20:3 + 35 times; cstr. דַּ֫עַת Nu 24:16 + 10 times; sf. דַּעְתִּי Pr 22:17; דַּעְתְּךָ Jb 10:7; דַּעְתֵּךְ Is 47:10; דַּעְתּוֹ Pr 3:20 Is 53:11; דַּעְתְּכֶם Jb 13:2; דַּעְתָּם Is 44:25;— 1. a. knowledge, perception in phrase בִּבְלִי ד׳ Dt 4:42 = unintentionally, 19:4 Jos 20:3 (where P’s synonym is בִּשְׁגָגָה v 3, 9, cf. Nu 35:11, 15), v 5; without knowing מִבְּלִי ד׳ Is 5:13 (= before they knew it, suddenly). b. = skill (in workmanship) Ex 31:3; 35:31 (both P; both ‖ תְּבוּנָה and חָכְמָה), 1 K 7:14 (sq. inf.); creative skill Is 40:14 (‖ אֹרַח מִשְׁפָּט, דֶּרֶךְ תְּבוּנוֹת). c. of proph. knowledge יֹדֵעַ ד׳ עליון Nu 24:16 (JE), cf. ψ 19:3. d. especially knowledge with moral quality Gn 2:9, 17 (J; in both verbal force, הַדּ׳ טוֹב וָרַע the knowing good and evil). e. knowledge possessed by God Jb 10:7 ψ 139:6 Pr 3:20 (‖ חָכְמָה and תְּבוּנָה), 21:12; taught by God to men ψ 94:10; 119:66 (‖ טוּב טַעַם), Pr 2:6 (‖ תְּבוּנָה and חָכְמָה). f. דַּעַת־רוּחַ = windy (unreal) knowledge Jb 15:2. 2. especially in WisdLt = discernment, understanding, wisdom: a. Jb 13:2; 33:3 (ד׳ שְׂפָתַי), לֹא בְּדַעַת Jb 34:35 (‖ חכמה), Pr 8:9, 10 (‖ מוסר), 10:14; 11:9; 18:15(×15); 22:12; 29:7, cf. Is 32:4; 53:11 Je 10:14 = 51:17; בבלי דעת Jb 35:16; 36:12; בלי ד׳ 38:2; 42:3, בְּלֹא ד׳ Pr 19:2; ‖ תְּבוּנָה Pr 17:27; Is 44:19; ת׳ + חכמה Pr 24:4, ‖ מְזִמָּה Pr 1:4; 5:2; ד׳ מְזִמּוֹת 8:12; ‖ vb. עָרַם 19:25; ‖ מֹצֵעוֹת 22:20; ‖ מוּסָר 12:1; 19:27; 23:12; ‖ תּוֹרָה Mal 2:7; ‖ חכמה Pr 14:6; Ec 1:16, 18; 2:21, 26; 7:12; 9:10; connected with חָכָם Pr 21:11; Ec 12:9; דברי חכמים Pr 22:17; Is 33:6 (חכמת) Is 44:25 (חכמים); wisdom of magicians 47:10 Dn 1:4 (‖ חָכְמָה and מַדָּע). b. in highest sense, knowledge of God (incl. obedience) Ho 4:1, 6 (מִבְּלִי הַדַּעַת), v 6; 6:6 Jb 21:14; Pr 2:5 (‖ יראת י׳), so Is 11:2; 58:2; Je 22:16 (verbal force, c. acc.), Pr 9:10 (ד׳ קדשׁים, ‖ יראת י׳), 30:3 (id., ‖ חָכְמָה); v. also יִרְאַת י׳ ראשׁית ד׳ 1:7 (‖ חָכְמָה מוּסָר), v 22, 29 (‖ יִרְאַת י׳), 2:10 (‖ חָכְמָה). c. opp. אִוֶּלֶת Pr 12:23; 13:16; 14:18; 15:2 cf. v 7, also v 14. d. שִׂפְתֵי־ד׳ Pr 14:7; 20:15; אישׁ ד׳ 24:5 (‖ גֶּבֶר חָכָם).—Dn 12:4 is dub.; 𝔊 Bev read ותרבה הָרָעֹת.

συνείδησις, εως, ἡ, knowledge shared with another, τῶν ἀλγημάτων (in a midwife) Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 communication, information, εὑρήσεις σ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; σ. εἰσήνεγκαν τοῖς κολλήγαις αὐτῶν Refs 3rd c.AD+ __3 knowledge, λῦε ταῦτα πάντα μὴ διαλείψας ἀγαθῇ σ. (variant{ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ}) Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 consciousness, awareness, [τῆς αὑτοῦ συστάσεως] NT+5th c.BC+; inner consciousness, ἐν σ. σου βασιλέα μὴ καταράσῃ LXX+NT __5 consciousness of right or wrong doing, conscience, Periander and Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐὰν ἐγκλήματός τινος ἔχῃ σ. Refs (a) ii 19; βροτοῖς ἅπασιν ἡ σ. θεός NT+4th c.BC+; ἀπρόσκοπος πρὸς τὸν θεόνNT+2nd c.AD+; κολαζομένους κατὰ συνείδησιν Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸν.. θεὸν κεχολωμένον ἔχοιτο καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν σ. Refs; conscientiousness, Refs 6th c.AD+.--Senses 4 and 5 sometimes run one into the other, see NT __6 complicity, guilt, crime, περὶ τοῦ πεφημίσθαι αὐτὴν ἐν σ. τοιαύτῃ Refs 2nd c.AD+

γνῶσις, εως, ἡ, seeking to know, inquiry, investigation, especially judicial, τὰς τῶν δικαστηρίων γ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 result of investigation, decision, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II knowing, knowledge, Refs 1st c.AD+; opposed to ἀγνωσίη, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἄγνοια, LXX+5th c.BC+ __II.b higher, esoteric knowledge, NT __II.2 acquaintance with a person, πρός τινα Test. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 recognizing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 means of knowing, [αἱ αἰσθήσεις] κυριώταται τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστα γ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __III being known, γνῶσιν ἔχει τι, ={γνωστόν ἐστι}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 fame, credit, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV means of knowing: hence, statement in writing, Refs 6th c.AD+ __V ={γνῶμα}, Refs 5th c.AD+

ἐπί-γνωσις, εως, ἡ, recognition, c.genitive, Refs 1st c.BC+; [τινῶν] διὰ βοῆς, δι᾽ ὀμμάτων, Refs 1st c.AD+; recognition of a mistake, Refs 1st c.BC+; determination of a fact, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __2. knowledge, Refs 2nd c.BC+ scientific theory, Refs __II. decision, πρὸς Refs 4th c.AD+

† דֵּעָה n.f. knowledge (strictly Inf. of ידע)—דֵּעָה ψ 73:11 + 3 times; pl. דֵּעוֹת 1 S 2:3; Jb 36:4;—תְּמִים ד׳ Jb 36:4 (of Elihu); of God’s knowledge, אֵל ד׳ י׳ 1 S 2:3 a God of knowledge is י׳ (on pl. v. Dr); יֵשׁ דֵּעָה בְעֶלְיוֹן ψ 73:11 (‖ אֵיכָה יָדַע־אֵל); knowledge, with י׳ as obj. Is 11:9 (where verbal force of noun appears); as taught by proph. Is 28:9; וְרָעוּ אֶתְכֶם דֵּעָה וְהַשְׂכֵּיל Je 3:15 of י׳’s shepherds (i.e. future ideal rulers). Gr proposes (plausibly) רָעֹה, after 𝔊, v. also Gie.

† מַדָּע n.m. 2 Ch 1:12 knowledge, thought (late); מַדָּע 2 Ch 1:10 + 4 times; מַדָּֽעֲךָ Ec 10:20;— 1. knowledge (‖ חָכְמָה) of Solomon, 2 Ch 1:10, 11, 12 Dn 1:4 (‖ חָכְמָה and דַּעַת), v 7 (‖ הַשְׂכֵּל). 2. place of knowledge, mind, (in our idiom also) thought Ec 10:20.

† [דֵּעַ] n.[m.] knowledge, opinion (late)—only sf. דֵּעִי Jb 32:6 + 3 times, and pl. דֵּעִים 37:16; all in speech of Elihu. 1. knowledge, תְּמִים ד׳ Jb 37:16 one perfect in knowledge (of God). 2. judgment, opinion Jb 36:3; חַוֹּת דֵּעִי 32:6 to declare my opinion, so v 10, 17.

† מַנְדַּע n. [m.] knowledge, power of knowing (𝔗J id.; Syriac ܡܰܕܥܳܐ, ܡܽܘܕܥܳܐ; BH מַדָּע (late); cf. ‘Mandâ’ = γνῶσις, NöM xx);—abs. Dn 5:12; emph. -דְּעָא 2:21; sf. -דְּעִי 4:31, 33.

φῐλοσοφ-ία, ἡ, love of knowledge, pursuit there of, speculation, Refs 5th c.BC+; defined as ἄσκησις ἐπιτηδείου τέχνης, Stoic. in Refs __2 systematic, methodical treatment of a subject, ἐμπειρίᾳ μέτιθι καὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ περὶ τὰς ἔριδας φ. scientific treatment of argumentation, Refs; ἡ περὶ τοὺς λόγους φ. the study of oratory, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 philosophy, Refs 5th c.BC+; sometimes also in Refs 5th c.BC+, and so later, διὰ τῆς φ. καὶ κενῆς ἀπάτης NT; but more frequently without Article, τοῖς ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ ζῶσιν Refs 5th c.BC+; except when an adjective or some qualifying word is added to ἡ θεία φ. Refs 5th c.BC+; so later ἡ Ἰωνικὴ φ. Refs 1st c.AD+metaphysic, Refs 4th c.BC+

φῐλόσοφος, ὁ, lover of wisdom; Pythagoras called himself φιλόσοφος, not σοφός, Cic Refs 5th c.BC+ {φιλοσπῆλυγξ}; φ. φύσει, τὴν φύσιν, Refs; φ. τῇ ψυχῇ, opposed to φιλόπονος τῷ σώματι, Refs 5th c.BC+: used of all men of education and learning, joined with φιλομαθής and φιλόλογος, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to σοφιστής, Refs 5th c.BC+; later, academician, of the members of the Museum at Alexandria, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 philosopher, i. e. one who speculates on truth and reality, οἱ ἀληθινοὶ φ., defined as οἱ τῆς ἀληθείας φιλοθεάμονες, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ φιλόσοφος, of Aristotle, Refs 1st c.AD+; ὁ σκηνικὸς φ., of Euripides, Refs 2nd c.AD+; as the butt of Comedy texts, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as adjective, loving knowledge, philosophic, ἄνδρες Refs 5th c.BC+; διάνοιαRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 of arguments, sciences, etc., scientific, philosophic, λόγοι Refs 5th c.BC+; λόγοι -ώτεροι, of instructive speeches, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ φ., opposed to τὸ θυμοειδές, as an element of the soul, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 ingenious, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb -φως, διακεῖσθαι πρός τι Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ῥητορικῶς, Refs 1st c.BC+.; comparative -ωτέρωςRefs 4th c.BC+; -ώτερον Refs 5th c.BC+