Innocence and Acquittal

† [נָקָה] vb. be empty (?), clean (Ecclus 16:11b Niph. Impf. ינקה be unpunished, so 40:15; 31:5 = Pr 28:20; NH Pi. = BH; Aramaic נְקָא Pa. = BH, adj. נְקֵא clean; Ph. נקי adj. pure; Palm. נקא be clean (perhaps) in n.pr. SachauZMG xxxv (1881), 735 Lzb325; Assyrian nâḳû, pour out, pour libation, make offering, nikû, libation, offering; Old Aramaic נקיה perhaps = נוּקָיָה libation (Lzb326), cf. Syriac ܢܽܘܩܳܝܳܐ Cook83; Syriac ܢܰܩܺܝ Pa. pour out, make a libation; 𝔗 נְקָא Pa. = cleanse (with lye) Is 1:25; adj. נְקֵא clean of bread or fruit Gn 40:16 𝔗J i, Dt 6:3 𝔗J ii, = exempt (BH נָקִי) 1 K 15:22. on the other hand, Arabic نَقِىَ purus, mundus fuit Kam. Frey; ii. cleanse, etc., Lane3037.—Orig. meaning prob. empty out, hence pour and be empty, clean);— Qal Inf. abs. נָקֹה Je 49:12 (נָקֹה תִּנָּקֶה, prob. error for הנקה ת׳, cf. Je 25:29). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִקָּה Zc 5:3 + 5 times; f. נִקְּתָה Nu 5:28; נִקָּ֑תָה Is 3:26; 2 ms. נִקֵּיתָ Gn 24:8; 1 s. נִקֵּיתִי Ju 15:3 + 2 times; Impf. יִנָּקֶה Pr 6:29 + 6 times; 2 ms. תִּנָּקֶה Gn 24:41 + 2 times; pl. תִּנָּקוּ Je 25:29(×2); Imv. הִנָּקִי Nu 5:19; Inf. הִנָּקֵה Je 25:29;— 1. be cleaned out, of a plundered city Is 3:26; purged out, of liars and perjurers Zc 5:3(×2). 2. be clean, free from guilt, innocent, Je 2:35 c. מִן, מִפֶּשַׁע ψ 19:14; מֵעָוֹן Nu 5:31 (P); מִפְּלִשְׁתִּים from (at the hands of) the Philistines Ju 15:3. 3. be free, exempt from punishment, abs. Ex 21:19 (E) Nu 5:28 (P) 1 S 26:9; לֹא יִנָּקֶה Pr 6:29; 11:21; 16:5; 17:5; 19:5, 9; 28:20; Je 25:29(×3) 49:12b, נָקֹה תִּנָּקֶה v 12a. 4. free, exempt from obligation, c. מִן, from oaths Gn 24:8, 41 (J); מִמֵּי הַמָּרִים from effects of drinking the bitter water Nu 5:19 (P). Piel Pf. 1 s. נִקֵּיתִי Jo 4:21 (𝔊 𝔖 נִקַּמְתִּי; so Now SS Buhl); Impf. 3 ms. יְנַקֶּה Ex 20:7 + 2 times; יְנַקֵּ֑ה Nu 14:18 Na 1:3; 2 ms. sf. תְּנַקֵּנִי Jb 9:28; 10:14; תְּנַקֵּהוּ 1 K 2:9; 1 s. sf. אֲנַקֶּ֑ךָּ Je 30:11; 46:28; Imv. sf. נַקֵּנִי ψ 19:13; Inf. abs. נַקֵּה Ex 34:7 + 4 times;— 1. hold innocent, acquit, Jb 9:28; מֵעֲוֹנִי Jb 10:14; מִנִּסְתָּרוֹת ψ 19:13. 2. leave unpunished: of man, c. acc. 1 K 2:9; elsewhere of God: abs. נַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה Ex 34:7(×2) = Nu 14:18(×2) (all J) = Na 1:3(×2); c. acc. לֹא יְנַקֶּה Ex 20:7 = Dt 5:11; נַקֵּה לֹא אֲנַקֶּךָּ Je 30:11(×2) = 46:28(×2), cf. Jo 4:21(×2) (but v. supr.).

† נָקִי adj. clean, free from, exempt;—נ׳ Gn 24:41 + 31 times; cstr. נְקִי ψ 24:4; pl. נְקִיִּים Je 2:34; נְקִיִּם Gn 44:10 + 6 times;— 1. free from guilt, clean, innocent, ‖ צַדִּיק: נָקִי וְצַדִּיק Ex 23:7 (E), נָקִי innocent person Jb 4:7; 17:8; 22:19, 30; 27:17 ψ 10:8; 15:5; Pr 1:11; נקיים Jb 9:23; דם נקי innocent blood, first used in D, Dt 19:10; 27:25; 1 S 19:5; 2 K 21:16; 24:4 ψ 94:21; 106:38; Pr 6:17; Is 59:7; Je 7:6; 22:3; 26:15; דם הנקי Dt 19:13 2 K 24:4 Je 22:17; הדם הנקי Dt 21:9; דם נקיים Je 19:4; נָקִי מִדְּמֵי 2 S 3:28 (+ מֵעִם י׳); נְקִי כַפַּיִם ψ 24:4; אביונים נקיים Je 2:34. 2. free from punishment Ex 21:28 (E) 2 S 14:9. 3. free, exempt from obligations Gn 44:10 (J); from service in war Nu 32:22 (P; + מִן pers., v. מִן 2 d), Dt 24:5 1 K 15:22 (cf. Arabic نَقِىَّ and WetzstZMG xxii (1868), 129); c. מן, from oaths Gn 24:41 (J) Jos 2:17, 19, 20 (JE).

† [צָדֵק, צָדֹק] vb. denom. be just, righteous;— Qal Pf. 3 fs. צָֽדְקָה Gn 38:26; 2 ms. צָדַקְתָּ Jb 33:12; 35:7, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִצְדַּק Jb 9:2 +; יִצְדָּ֑ק Jb 4:17; 11:2; 3 fpl. תִּצְדַּקְנָה Ez 16:52 (𝔊 Co תְּצַדְּקִין, not Berthol Toy Krae), etc.;— 1. have a just cause, be in the right, Jb 9:15, 20; 13:18; 34:5; in complaint Jb 33:12; c. מִן pers. Gn 38:26 (J; of Tamar). 2. be justified, in one’s plea Jb 11:2; c. עִם (man with God) 9:2; 25:4; בי׳ Is 45:25; by witnesses 43:9; by acquittal ψ 143:2; Is 43:26; by condemnation of opponent Jb 40:8. 3. be just: of God, in his government, in charging with sin ψ 51:6; of מִשְׁפְּטֵי־י׳ 19:10. 4. be just, righteous, in conduct and character: of men Jb 10:15; 15:14; 22:3; 35:7, c. מִן comp., Jb 4:17 (more than God; Dr at God’s hand, מִן 2 d), Ez 16:52 (Pi.). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. וְנִצְדַּק קֹדֶשׁ consec. Dn 8:14 the holy place shall be put right, in a right condition (Marti Kau Buhl SS; Bev Dr Marti Comm. be justified, its cause vindicated). Pi. Pf. 3 fs. צִדְּקָה Je 3:11; Impf. 2 fs. תְּצַדְּקִי Ez 16:51; Inf. cstr. sf. צַדְּקֶ֑ךָּ Jb 33:32; צַדֶּקְתֵּךְ (Ges§ 52 p) Ez 16:52; צַדְּקוֹ Jb 32:2;—justify: עַל צַדְּקוֹ נַפְשׁוֹ מֵאֱלֹהִים Jb 32:2 because he justified himself rather than God (cf. Qal 1); make to appear righteous Je 3:11; Ez 16:51, 52 (all c. מִן comp.); חָפַצְתִּי צַדְּקֶ֑ךָּ Jb 33:32 I desire to justify thee (in thy plea, cf. Qal 2). Hiph. Pf. 1 s. sf. הִצְדַּקְתִּיו 2 S 15:4; 3 mpl. הִצְדִּיקוּ Dt 25:1; Impf. 3 ms. יַצְדִּיק Is 53:11; 1 s. אַצְדִּיק Ex 23:7; Jb 27:5; Inf. cstr. הַצְדִּיק 1 K 8:32 = 2 Ch 6:23; Imv. mpl. הַצְדִּיקוּ ψ 82:3; Pt. מַצְדִּיק Pr 17:15, etc.;— 1. do justice, in administering law 2 S 15:4 ψ 82:3. 2. declare righteous, justify, c. acc. (ה)צַדִּיק Dt 25:1; 1 K 8:32 = 2 Ch 6:23; רָשָׁע Ex 23:7 (E) Is 5:23; Pr 17:15; justify accusers, by recognizing charge as just Jb 27:5. 3. justify, vindicate the cause of, save, c. acc., Is 50:8 (of God), c. לְ of obj. Is 53:11 (of servant of י׳). 4. make righteous, turn to righteousness, Dn 12:3, cf. Aboth 5:26, 27 Bev. Hithp. Impf. 1 pl. נִצְטַדָּ֑ק Gn 44:16 (J) how shall we justify ourselves, clear ourselves, from suspicion?

חִנָּם subst., used chiefly in the accus. as adv. (cf. Assyrian annáma, in vain, DlK 7, Pr 44; from חֵן, with aff. ָם, which is sometimes found in substantives proper, as סֻלָּם, and pr. names, but is more partic. used with substs. applied adverbially, as יוֹמָם, אָמְנָם, דּוּמָם, רֵיקָם: Sta§ 293 BaNB § 216)—lit. out of favour; i.e. a. gratis, gratuitously, for nothing, עָבַד חִנָּם to serve for nought Gn 29:15; Jb 1:9, Is 52:3 to be sold (fig.) for nought v 5; Ex 21:2, 11 יָצָא חִנָּם to go out (from slavery) freely, for nothing, Nu 11:5 which we used to eat in Egyptian for nought, Je 22:13; 1 Ch 21:24; in the genitive 2 S 24:24 עלוֹת חִנָּם i.e. burntofferings which cost nothing (in the ‖ 1 Ch 21:24 the constr. is changed). b. for no purpose, in vain Pr 1:17; Mal 1:10: once אֶל חִנָּם (cf. אֶל 7) Ez 6:10. c. gratuitously, without cause, undeservedly, especially of groundless hostility or attack 1 S 19:5 לְהָמִית חִנָּם to slay David without cause, 25:31 ψ 35:7(×2); 109:3; 119:161 רְדָפוּנִי חִנָּם, Pr 1:11; 3:30; 23:29; Jb 2:3 לְבַלְּעוֹ ח׳, 9:17; 22:6; Ez 14:23, ψ 35:19 and 69:5 שׂנְאַי חִנָּם my haters without cause, La 3:52 אֹיְבַי חִנָּם; in the genitive 1 K 2:31 דְּמֵי חִנָּם blood shed without cause (cf. 1 S 25:31), Pr 24:28 אַל־תְּהִי עֵד ח׳ בְּרֵעֶ֑ךָ, 26:2 קִלְלַת ח׳ the causeless curse.

δῐκαί-ωμα, ατος, τό, act of right, opposed to ἀδίκημα, Refs 4th c.BC+; duty, τὰ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους δ. Refs 1st c.AD+; properly amendment of a wrong, opposed to δικαιοπράγημα, Refs 4th c.BC+ __a judgement, penalty, Refs 5th c.BC+ __b justification, plea of right, LXX+5th c.BC+; δικαιώματα Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων, compiled by Refs 4th c.BC+ __c plural, pleadings, documents in a suit, Refs 3rd c.BC+; also, credentials, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __d act of δικαίὠσις NT __II ordinance, decree, LXX+NT

ἀθῷος, ον, (θωά, Ionic dialect θωιή):— scot-free, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀθῴους καθιστάναι τινάς to secure their immunity, Refs; ἀ. ἀπαλλάττειν or -εσθαι to get off scot-free, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with genitive, free from a thing, πληγῶνRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ἀδικημάτων unpunished for offences, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 unharmed by, ἀθῷος τῆς Φιλίππου.. δυναστείαςRefs 4th c.BC+ __II not deserving punishment, guiltless, ἀ. ὁ κτείνωνNT+3rd c.AD+ __III active, causing no harm, harmless, κίνδυνοςRefs 4th c.BC+, of Mt. Athos, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἄκᾰκ-ος, ον, unknowing of ill, guileless, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 innocent, simple (compare εὐήθης), Refs 4th c.BC+. adverb -κωςRefs 4th c.BC+ __II unharmed, Refs 7th c.BC+ __II.2 unadulterated, Refs 6th c.AD+

ἀκατά-κρῐτος, ον, uncondemned, NT

ἀναίτιος, ον, also α, ον Refs 5th c.BC+:—in the best authors, only of persons, not being the fault or cause of a thing, guiltless, ἀναίτιον αἰτιάασθαιRefs 8th c.BC+; ἀναίτιος ἀθανάτοις guiltless before the gods, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 with genitive of things, guiltless of a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; φόνου, κακῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+ with infinitive, it is blamable to do, Refs __II not being the cause, τὸ ἀ. τιθέναι ὡς αἴτιονRefs 4th c.BC+; having no cause, unjustifiable, κολάσειςRefs 1st c.BC+adverb -ως not in the form of a cause, ἀ. τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχεινRefs 3rd c.AD+; without assigning any reason, ὁλοσχερῶς καὶ ἀ. λεκτέονRefs 6th c.AD+ __III uncaused. Refs 3rd c.AD+: superlative, Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -ως without a cause, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† נָקִיא adj. innocent;—דָּם נָקִיא innocent blood Jo 4:19 Jon 1:14 (both Kt; Qr נָקִי).

† חַף adj. clean—only זַךְ אֲנִי בְּלִי֫ פָ֥שַׁע חַף אָנֹכִ֑י Jb 33:9 I am pure, without transgression, I am clean (in speech of Elihu).