Hunger and Famine

πειν-άω, forms in αε contraction into η not ᾱ (as in διψάω,Refs 2nd c.AD+, πεινῇς, -ῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive πεινῆν Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect πεινήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+: imperfect ἐπείνων Refs 5th c.BC+: future πεινήσω Refs 5th c.BC+; later πεινάσω [ᾱ] LXX+NT: aorist ἐπείνησα LXX+5th c.BC+: perfect πεπείνηκα Refs 5th c.BC+: later we find the contraction of αε into ᾱ, ἐπείνας, πεινᾷ, -ᾶν, LXX+NT: (πεῖνἀ):—to be hungry, πεινάων, of a lion, Refs 8th c.BC+; κακῶς π. to be starved, Refs 5th c.BC+; thrice in Trag., πεινῶσα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II with genitive, hunger after, σίτου δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἔφη πεινήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, hunger, crave after, χρημάτων Refs 5th c.BC+; simply, to be in want of, lack, πεινῶντες ἀγαθῶν NT+5th c.BC+. [ᾱ in un contraction forms in Refs 8th c.BC+ [same place], and the Attic dialect contractions (-η- from -ηε-) agree; but πεινῶντι Doric dialect 3rd.pers. plural present indicative in Refs 5th c.BC+ codices points to -ᾰοντι.]

† רָעֵב adj. hungry;—abs. ר׳ 2 S 17:29 +; fs. רְעֵבָה ψ 107:9 Pr 27:7; mpl. רְעֵבִים 1 S 2:5 +;—hungry (sometimes + עָמֵא, עָיֵף), 2 S 17:29 2 K 7:12 Is 8:21 Pr 25:21 ψ 107:5; נֶפֶשׁ רְעֵבָה v 9 Pr 27:7; as subst. sg. a hungry man Is 29:8; 32:6; 58:7, 10 Ez 18:7, 16 Jb 5:5 (BevJPhil. xxvi. 304 proposes רָעָב, cf. Ez 7:15) 22:7, pl. 1 S 2:5 (opp. שְׂבֵעִים בַּלֶּהֶם), Jb 24:10 (‖ עָרוֹם), ψ 107:36; 146:7; יְהִי־רָעֵב אֹנוֹ Jb 18:12 (fig.) his strength grows hungry, i.e. fails (𝔙 Ew Di al.); 𝔖 De Bu Du (reading אָוֶן) al. his trouble grows hungry (i.e. ravenous for him), but ר׳ never elsewhere in this sense.

† רָעֵב vb. be hungry (NH id. Hiph. and deriv.; Assyrian rûbatu, hunger; Arabic رَغُبَ be roomy, voracious, رَغِبَ desire vehemently; Ethiopic ርኅበ be hungry);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ר׳ Is 9:19; 44:12; 3 pl. רָעֵ֑בוּ ψ 34:11; Impf. 3 ms. יִרְעַב Is 8:21, 1 pl. נִרְעֵב Je 42:14, etc.;—be hungry Is 8:21 Gn 41:55 (E; of land, = have famine), Je 42:14 (לַלֶּחֶם), Is 49:10 (‖ צמא), 65:13 (‖ id.; opp. אכל), ψ 50:12 if I should be hungry (of י׳), Pr 6:30; 19:15. Hiph. : allow one to hunger, subj. י׳: Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּרְעִבֶ֑ךָ Dt 8:3 (opp. וַיַּאֲכִֽלְךָ), יַרְעִיב נֶפֶשׁ Pr 10:3.

νῆστις, genitive ιος or ιδος, ὁ and ἡ (see. below); also dative νήστει Refs 5th c.BC+: (νη-, ἔδω):—not eating, fasting, of persons, ἀνώγοιμι πτολεμίζειν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν νήστιας, ἀκμήνους NT+8th c.BC+ over the hungry sand, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 with an abstract substantive, frequently in Refs 4th c.BC+famine, Refs; νήστισιν αἰκίαις the pains of hunger, Pr.Refs; νήστιδες δύαι Refs; also νῆστις ὀσμή the bad breath of one fasting, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 active, causing hunger, starving, πνοαὶ νήστιδες Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as substantive, νῆστις, ἡ, accusative νῆστιν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.1 the intestinum jejunum, from its always being found empty, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ν. κεστρεύς, fish so called because its stomach was always found empty, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence in Comedy texts, of 'empty bellies', ἐγὼ δὲ κεστρεὺς νῆστις οἴκαδ᾽ ἀποτρέχω Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 Νῆστις, ἡ, ={ὕδωρ}, Refs 5th c.BC+

† בַּצֹּרֶת n.f. dearth (cf. foll.), שְׁנַת בּ׳ Je 17:8.

ἄσῑτ-ος, ον, without food, fasting, Refs 8th c.BC+. adverb -ωςLXX __II of forbidden food, εὐωχία ἄ.Refs 1st c.AD+

πρόσπεινος, ον, (πεῖνα) hungry, NT+1st c.AD+

† [יֶ֫שַׁח] n.[m.]? emptiness (of hunger), meaning conjectured from context; Mi 6:14 וְיֶשְׁחֲךָ בְּקִרְבֶּ֑ךָ (‖ תאכל ולא תִשְׂבָּ֔ע).

† [כָּפַן] vb. be hungry, hunger, perhaps also hungrily desire (Aramaic loan-word; cf. Aramaic כְּפֵין, כְּפַן, ܟܦܶܢ be hungry; Arabic كَفَنَ is spin wool, wrap a corpse in the shroud);—only Qal Pf. 3 fs. כָּֽפְנָה עַל Ez 17:7 (si vera l.) this vine stretched its roots hungrily toward (‖ שִׁלְּחָה לְ).