Hatred and Hostility

שָׂנֵא145 vb. hate (NH id.; MI4 שנאי my foes; Sab. שנאם foe Sab.DenkmNo. 12, l, 9 cf. Ib.No. 7, l. 9 CISiv, No. 173, l. 6; Arabic شنأ, شَنَىَٔ, hate; Aramaic סְנָא, ܣܢܳܐ, id., סָנְאָה, ܣܳܢܳܐܐ hater, etc.; Ethiopic hate is ጸልአ: );— Qal128 Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ Dt 12:31 +, sf. שְׂנֵאָהּ 2 S 13:15 +; 2 ms. שָׂנֵאתָ ψ 5:6 +, sf. שְׂנֵאתַ֫נִי Ju 14:16, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂנָא Pr 13:5; 26:28, sf. יִשְׂנָאֶ֑ךָּ 9:8, etc.; Imv. mpl. שִׂנְאוּ Am 5:15 ψ 97:10; Inf. abs. שָׂנֹא Ju 15:2; cstr. שְׂנֹא Gn 37:5 +, שְׂנֹאת Pr 8:13; Pt. act. שֹׂנֵא Dt 4:42 +, שֹׂנַאֲךָ Ex 23:5 Pr 25:21; pl. cstr. שֹׂנְאֵי Ex 18:21 +, etc.; pass. fs. שְׂנוּאָה Gn 29:31 +; mpl. cstr. שְׂנֻאֵי 2 S 5:8 Qr (> Kt שָֽׂנְאוּ);—hate (often opp. אָהֵב): 1. human; a. c. acc. pers. Gn 26:27 (J), 37:5, 8 (E), Ju 11:7; 2 S 13:22; Am 5:10 (‖ תֵּעֵב) + 17 times (evil-doers †ψ 26:5; 31:7; 139:21), + (obj. wife) Ju 14:16; 15:2(×2); + pt. pass., of wife, †Gn 29:31(×2) (J), Dt 21:15(×2), 16, 17, cf. Pr 30:23; fig. of Zion Is 60:15 (+ עֲזוּבָה); specif. of sexual revulsion †2 S 13:15(×2) (+ acc. cogn.), Dt 22:13, 16; 24:3; so, obj. man (of Jerus. under fig. of harlot) †Ez 16:37; pass. שְׂנֻאֵי נֶפֶשׁ דָּוִד 2 S 5:8 (but v. obscure); reflex. (acc. נַפְשׁוֹ) †Pr 29:24, abs. †Ec 3:8. b. c. acc. rei, Ez 35:6 (but read בְּדָם אָשַׁמְתָּ 𝔊 𝔖 Co Berthol Toy), Ec 2:17, 18, especially evil Ex 18:21 (E), Mi 3:2 ψ 45:7 + 10 times, virtue, etc. Mi 3:2 Pr 1:22 + 4 times 2. subj. י׳; obj. perverse Isr. †Am 6:8 (its palaces), Ho 9:15 Je 12:8; wickedness ψ 5:6; 11:5; idolatry and evil Am 5:21 Is 1:14; 61:8; Je 44:4; Mal 2:16 + 5 times 3. Pt.act.54 as adj. Is 66:5 (as vb. c. 1 s. pron. 61:8, 2 supr.); usually subst., Pr 13:24 one hating his son (opp. אֹהֵב); elsewhere = enemy, foe (usually cstr. or c. sf.), sg. and pl. (often ‖ אֹיֵב, sometimes opp. אֹהֵב): foe of man Ex 23:5 (E), Gn 24:60 (J), Lv 26:17 (H) +, nation Ex 1:10 (E), Est 9:1, 5, 16 +, abs. Pr 26:24; 27:6, (c. 31 times in all); + לֹא שֹׂנֵא c. ל pers., a no-hater to one Dt 4:42; 19:4, 6; Jos 20:5, and (without לֹא) Dt 19:11; foe of good Mi 3:2, cf. Jb 34:17 + 3 times, of evil †Ex 18:21; Pr 28:1, cf. 15:27; of suretyship †11:15 (i.e. not giving it); foes of י׳ †Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Dt 7:10(×2); 2 Ch 19:2. †Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׂנֵא Pr 14:17 is hated, so v 20 (+ ל pers. by, v. לְ 5 d). †Pi. Pt. sf. מְשַׂנְאִי Jb 31:29; ψ 55:13; pl. cstr. מְשַׂנְאֵי 81:16; sf. מְשַׂנְאַי 2 S 22:41 +, etc.;—enemy (Qal 3) ‖ אֹיֵב, צָר, etc.: 1. personal and national, Jb 31:29 Dt 33:11 (poem), 2 S 22:41 = ψ 18:41, ψ 44:8, 11; 55:13; 68:2; 89:24. 2. of י׳ Nu 10:35 (J), Dt 32:41 (poem), ψ 81:16; 83:3; 139:21. 3. of wisdom Pr 8:36.

μῑσ-έω, perfect μεμίσηκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future middle in passive sense μισήσομαι LXX+5th c.BC+: aorist ἐμισήθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect μεμίσημαι Refs 5th c.BC+: (μῖσος):—hate, once in Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive, μίσησεν δ᾽ ἄρα μιν δηΐων κυσὶ κύρμα γενέσθαι Zeus hated (would not suffer) that he should become a prey.., Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐ μισοῦντ᾽ ἐκείνην τὴν πόλιν, τὸ μὴ οὐ μεγάλην εἶναι not hating that city, as not being.., Refs 5th c.BC+; μισῶ λακωνίζειν I hate Laconizing, Refs 5th c.BC+: but mostly with accusative, ὑβρίζοντα μισεῖν LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, to be hated, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [תָּעַב] vb. denom. Niph. Pi.: Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִתְעַב 1 Ch 21:6; Pt. נִתְעָב Is 14:19; Jb 15:16;—be abhorred: 1. ritual sense: נֵצֶר נִתְעָב Is 14:19 an abhorred (rejected) branch (נֵץ vulture, the unclean scavenger bird); נִתְעָב וְנֶאֱלָ֑ח Jb 15:16 abhorred and corrupt, from disease (נאלח elsewhere †ψ 14:3 = 53:4 ‖ התעיב). 2. ethically: David’s census, according to 1 Ch 21:6. Pi. Pf. 3 pl. sf. תִּעֲבוּנִי Jb 9:31 + 2 times; Impf. יְתָעֵב ψ 106:40; 5:7 (read 2 ms. תְּתַעֵב); 3 fs. תְּתַעֵב ψ 107:18; 2 ms. תְּתַעֵב Dt 23:8(×2), etc.; Inf. abs. תַּעֵב Dt 7:26; Pt. מְתָעֵב Is 49:7 (but v. infra), + Am 6:8 (so read for מְתָאֵב GeiUrschrift 349 We Now Marti Harper); pl. מְתַעֲבִים Mi 3:9;— 1. regard as an abomination, abhor: a. ritual sense: (1) of God; c. acc. of Israel, because of idols ψ 106:40. (2) of man: c. acc., of abomination Dt 7:26(×2), cf. 23:8(×2); Job Jb 19:19; 30:10. b. ethically: (1) of God; ‖ שׂנא, c. acc.: אישׁ דמים ומרמה ψ 5:7 (Am 6:8 v. II. תאב). (2) of man; c. acc. מִשְׁפָּט Mi 3:9, דֹּבֵר תָּמִים Am 5:10 (‖ שׂנא), שֶׁקֶר ψ 119:163 (‖ שׂנא). c. physically: c. acc. כָּל־אֹכֶל ψ 107:18. 2. cause to be an abomination: c. acc., ritual sense Ez 16:25; Job, from filthy garments Jb 9:31; מְתָעֵב גּוֹי Is 49:7 (‖ בְּזֹה נֶפֶשׁ) (read prob. Pu. מְתֹעַב, as Oort SS Bu Du). Hiph. Pf. 2 fs. הִתְעַבְתְּ Ez 16:52; 3 mpl. הִתְעִיבוּ ψ 14:1 = 53:2; Impf. וַיַּתְעֵב 1 K 21:26;—make abominable, do abominably: 1. ritual sense: c. acc. rei, Ez 16:52; לְ c. inf. 1 K 21:26. 2. ethically: c. acc. עלילה ψ 14:1 = 53:2 (עול).

† [נָטַר] vb. keep (less common ‖ of נָצַר) (NH id.; 𝔗 נְטַר, Syriac ܢܛܰܪ id.; Nab. in n.pr. Lzb323 (cf. also infr.), Arabic نَطَرَ id. (obj. garden, etc.));— Qal Pf. 1 s. נָטָ֑רְתִּי Ct 1:6; Impf. 3 ms. יִטּוֹר ψ 103:9, יִנְטוֹר Je 3:5; read וַיִּטֹּר also Am 1:11 (for MT יִטְרֹף) Ol ψ 103:9 We Now GASm Dr; 2 ms. תִּטֹּר Lv 19:18; 1 s. אֶטּוֹר Je 3:12; Pt. act. נוֹטֵר Na 1:2; f. נֹטֵרָה Ct 1:6; mpl. נֹטְרִים Ct 8:11, 12;— 1. keep, maintain (sc. wrath), of י׳, Je 3:5, 12 Na 1:2 (c. לְ for), ψ 103:9; of Edom Am 1:11 (reading וַיִּטֹּר לָעַד אַפּוֹ and he kept his anger perpetually, v. supr.), Lv 19:18 (c. את with). 2. keep, guard a vineyard Ct 1:6(×2) (in fig.), abs. 8:11, obj. פִּרְיוֹ v 12.

ἄστοργ-ος, ον, without natural affection, ἄστοργος ψυχήνRefs 4th c.BC+the heartless one, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄ. θάνατος cruel, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 without attraction, Refs 1st c.AD+:—also ἀστόργης (sic) Refs

βδελύσσομαι, Attic dialect βδελύττομαι, future -ύξομαιRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐβδελύχθην LXX+5th c.BC+:—feel a loathing for food, Hp Refs 8th c.BC+; to be sick, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with accusative, feel a loathing at, LXX+1st c.AD+; β. [τραγῳδίας] Refs 4th c.AD+; ὠμοφαγίαν LXX __II later causal, in active, cause to stink, make loathsome or abominable, future -ύξωLXXaorist ἐβδέλυξαLXX:—middle and passive, to be loathsome, future -υχθήσομαιLXXaorist -ύχθηνLXXperfect ἐβδέλυγμαιLXX; οἱ ἐβδελυγμένοι the abominable (in reference to the use of βδέλυγμα as an idol), NT:—this perfect in causal sense, LXX

† [שְׂנָא] vb. hate (𝔗 סְנָא, Syriac ܣܢܳܐ; v. BH שָׂנֵא);— Pe. Pt. pl. sf. שׂנאיך Kt, שָֽׂנְאָךְ Qr (K§ 53, 2, Anm. b)) Dn 4:16 = thy foes (BH 3, MI4 Sab).

ἀποστῠγ-έω, aorist 1 -εστύγησαRefs 5th c.BC+(Lyric poetry), -έστυξα Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist 2 ἀπέστῠγονRefs 3rd c.BC+: perfect with present sense, -εστύγηκαRefs 5th c.BC+:—hate violently, abhor, Hdt.[same place], Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ὕδωρ (in comparison with wine) Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]: with infinitive, ἀ. γαμβρὸν ἄν οἱ γενέσθαι ἹπποκλείδεαRefs 5th c.BC+

ἀφῐλ-άγᾰθος [ᾰγ], ον, notloving the good, NT

στῠγ-ητός, όν, hated, abominated, hateful, Ἥρᾳ σ. NT+4th c.BC+

† [שָׂנִיא] adj. hated, held in aversion;—fs. הַשְּׂנִיאָה Dt 21:15b the hated (wife; v. √ 1 a); but read probably הַשְּׂנוּאָה (as v 15a bis, 16).