Emptiness and Vanity

† תֹּ֫הוּ n.m. 1 S 12, 21 (AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 112) formlessness, confusion, unreality, emptiness (primary meaning difficult to seize; Vrss usually κενόν, οὐδέν, μάταιον, inane, vacuum, vanum; cf. LagOr. ii. 60; BN 144);— 1. formlessness, of primaeval earth Gn 1:2 (P), of land reduced to primaeval chaos Je 4:23 (both + וָבֹהוּ and voidness), Is 34:11 קַו־תֿ׳ (‖ אבְנֵי בֹהוּ), 45:18 לֹא ת׳ בְרָאָהּ (‖ לָשֶׁבֶת יְצָרָהּ); 24:10 קִרְיַת־תּ׳ city of chaos (of ruined city); = nothingness, empty space, Jb 26:7 נֹטֶה צָפן עַל־תּ׳; of empty, trackless waste Dt 32:10 (‖ מִדְבָּר), Jb 6:18; 12:24 = ψ 107:40. 2. fig. of what is empty, unreal, as idols 1 S 12:21 (coll.: אַחֲרֵי הַתּ׳ אֲשֶׁר לֹא יוֹעִילוּ), v 21 Is 41:29 רוּחַ וָת׳ נִסְכֵּיהֶם, 44:9 (of idol-makers), groundless arguments or considerations, Is 29:21 וַיַּטּוּ בַתּ׳ צַדִּיק, 59:4 moral unreality or falsehood בָּטוֹהַ עַל־תּ׳ (‖ וְדַבֶּר־שָׁוְא); = a thing of nought (cf. Ecclus 41:10 מתהו אל תהו), Is 40:17 (‖ אַיִן, אֶפֶס), v 23 שֹׁפְטֵי אֶרֶץ כַּתּ׳ עָשָׂה (‖ לְאַיִן), worthlessness 49:4 לְת׳ וְהֶבֶל כֹּחִי כִלֵּיתִי (‖ לְרִיק יָגַעְתִּי); as adv. acc. 45:19 I said not, תֹּהוּ בַקְּשׁוּנִי seek me emptily, to no purpose. cf. 29:13 𝔊 וְתֹהוּ for וַתֹּהִי.

κενός, ή, όν, Ionic dialect and poetry κεινός Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect also κενεός, as always in Refs 8th c.BC+ (except in Il.[same places], and κενός Refs 8th c.BC+, and in Doric dialect, Refs 4th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect κέννος, accusative to Greg. Cor.p.610 Refs 5th c.BC+; but οἱ Αἰολεῖς.. οὐ λέγουσι κέννος Choerob.in Refs, from κενϝος, kenevos,Refs 5th c.AD+ κενευϝός Refs __I mostly of things, empty, opposed to πλέως, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to πλήρης, Refs; opposed to μεστός, Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ κ. (i.e. τάλαντον) the empty one, Refs 5th c.BC+; χώματα κεινά, ={κενοτάφια}, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατέθισαν ἐπὶ κενευϝῶν (i.e. τάφων genitive singular) Refs 5th c.AD+; κ. χρόνος a pause in music, Anon.Refs 1st c.AD+; of wool and wine, uncertain meaning in Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ κ. the void of space, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ κ., ={τόπος ἐστερημένος σώματος}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἢν κενεὸν λάβῃ [ἡ διακοπή] if it penetrates the (brain-) cavity, Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]; especiallyAstrology texts, not occupied by a planet, κ. δρόμος Refs 4th c.AD+; compare κενοδρομέω. __I.2 empty, fruitless, void, κενὰ εὔγματα εἰπών Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδες, Refs 5th c.BC+; τέρψιςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀπόντων κενὴν κατηγορεῖν bring an idle charge, Refs 4th c.BC+; ineffectual, λύγξ Refs 5th c.BC+; πουλυμαθημοσύνης, τῆς οὐ κενεώτερον ἄλλο Timo [same place]; πολλὰ κ. τοῦ πολέμου Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐπιθυμίαι, opposed to φυσικαί, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ διὰ κενῆς ἐπανάσεισις τῶν ὅπλων empty flourishing of arms, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὰ κενῆς ῥίπτειν throw without a projectile, Refs 4th c.BC+; κεκλάγγω διὰ κενῆς ἄλλως to no purpose, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ κενοῦ χανεῖν Suid. see at {λύκος ἔχανε; κατὰ κενοῦ φέρειν τὰς χεῖρας} Refs 1st c.AD+; κατὰ κ. βαίνειν, ={κενεμβατεῖν}, Refs 1st c.AD+: regular adverb κενῶς, διαλεκτικῶς καὶ κ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __II of persons and things, __II.1 c.genitive, destitute, bereft, τοῦ νοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. φρονήσεως, ἐπιστήμης, Refs; κ. πόνου without the fruits of toil, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 absolutely, empty-handed, αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μενειν κενεόν τε νέεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀπίκατο, οἱ μὲν κεινοί, οἱ δὲ φέροντες κτλ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of camels, without burdens, unloaded, opposed to ἔγγομοι, Refs 2nd c.AD+; κ. ἂν ἴῃ.., κ. ἄπεισιν LXX+5th c.BC+; bereft of her mate, λέαινα Refs 5th c.BC+; orphan, Ἔρωτες Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὑπ᾽ ἄσθματος κενοί exhausted.., Refs 4th c.BC+; of places, without garrison, χῶραι Refs 5th c.BC+; of the body, without flesh, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2.b devoid of wit, vain, pretentious, κεινὸς εἴην NT+5th c.BC+ __III comparative and superlative, κενότερος Refs 5th c.BC+; -ότατος Refs 5th c.BC+; κενώτερος, -ώτατος, Refs 5th c.BC+; κενεώτερος Timo (see. above); κενεώτατος variant in Refs 5th c.BC+

† רֵיקָם adv. emptily, vainly;— 1. in empty condition, empty = with empty hands; c. vb. of sending Gn 31:42 (E), Dt 15:13 1 S 6:3 Jb 22:9; of going forth Ex 3:21, returning Ru 1:21; 3:17; = without an offering, לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי ר׳ Ex 23:15 (E) = 34:20 (J), more fully Dt 16:16 (cf. [פָּנֶה] II. 2, ראה Niph. 1 b). 2. in vain, without effect: c. שׁוּב 2 S 1:22 (poem), Is 55:11 Je 14:3 (but v. רֵיק 1), 50:9; prob. also צוֹרֲרִי ר׳ ψ 7:5 those who were my adversaries in vain (without success); הַבּוֹגְדִים ר׳ 25:3 that deal treacherously in vain (in both most without cause).

† [רֵיק], רֵק adj. empty, vain;—m. abs. רֵק Gn 37:24 + 2 times; f. רֵקָה Ez 24:11 Is 29:8; mpl. רֵ(י)קִים Ju 7:16 +; fpl. רֵקוֹת Gn 41:27;— 1. empty, of vessels 2 K 4:3 Ju 7:16 Ez 24:11 + (prob.) Je 14:3 (רֵ��קִים for רֵיקָם), 51:34 (רֵיק for רִיק); of pit Gn 37:24 (J), lap Ne 5:13, ears of grain Gn 41:27 (E; דַּקּוֹת v 6, 7, 23, 24); רֵקָה נַפְשׁוֹ Is 29:8 (cf. 32:6 √ 1). 2. empty, idle, worthless, ethically; אנשׁים ריקים worthless fellows Ju 9:4; 11:3 2 Ch 13:7, so הָרֵקִים alone (as subst.) 2 S 6:20; מְרַדֵּף רֵיקִים Pr 12:11 AV RV of persons; vain, unprofitable things, 28:19 (v. Toy); דָּבָר ר׳ מִן Dt 32:47 (D) a thing too empty (of significance) for you; + (prob.) ψ 4:3 (רֵיק for MT רִיק) love an empty thing (‖ כזב), of abortive course of action.

† רִיק n.[m.] emptiness, vanity;—chiefly in adv. phr. לְרִיק Is 49:4 Jb 39:16 in vain (of labour without benefit), so לָר׳ Lv 26:16, 20 (H), Is 65:23; and as adv. acc. רִיק Is 30:7 ψ 73:13, prob. also 2:1 (most = empty scheme as רֵיק 2) cf. ψ 4:3 (read prob. רֵיק); בְּדֵי רִיק Je 51:58 = Hb 2:13.—Je 51:34 v. רֵיק 1.

κενόω, Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect κεινόω Refs 2nd c.BC+: future κενώσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐκένωσα Refs: perfect κεκένωκα Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, future κενωθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐκενώθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect κεκένωμαι Refs 5th c.BC+: (κενός): —empty, πᾶσαν ἠπείρου πλάκα Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]: with genitive, empty of a thing, ἀνδρῶν τάνδε πόλιν κενῶσαι Refs 5th c.BC+; χέρας [δώρων] Refs 3rd c.BC+; opposed to πληροῦν τινά τινος, Pl.[same place],Refs:—passive, to be emptied, made or left empty, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐς τὸ κενούμενον into the space continually left empty, Refs 5th c.BC+ will be left without them, Emp.[same place]; κεκενωμένου τοῦ τείχεος πάντων stripped of all things, Hdt. [prev. cited] __2 make a place empty by leaving it, desert it, βωμοῦ ἐσχάραν Refs 5th c.BC+; λόχμην Refs[same place]:—passive, κενωθεισῶν τῶν νεῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 in Medicine texts, empty by depletion, opposed to πληροῦν, Refs 5th c.BC+, Gal.[same place]; τινα Refs 1st c.BC+ O.; carry off, αἷμα Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, τὰ κενούμενα evacuations, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 empty out, pour away, φάρμακον Refs 2nd c.AD+ falsa lectio in Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, τοῦ λαοῦ κενωθέντος Refs 1st c.BC+; make away with, θανάτου βάρος Refs 5th c.AD+ __5 expend, εἴς με κένωσον πᾶν βέλος Refs 1st c.BC+ __6 in passive, waste away, shrivel, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, make empty, ἑαυτόν NT; make void or of no effect, καύχημα NT+2nd c.AD+:—passive, to be or become so, NT

† [נָבַב] vb. hollow out (cf. Assyrian imbubu, flute, DlHWB 443, NH אַבּוּב id., Aramaic ܐܰܒܽܘܒܳܐ אַבּוּבָא id.; hence also Arabic أَنْبُوبٌ knots in reed, part of reed between knots, reed; vid. HoffmLCB 1882, 321 Frä 23 Fl in LevyTW i. 417);— Qal Pt. pass. נָבוּב Jb 11:12 Je 52:21; נְבוּב Ex 27:8; 38:7;—hollowed, hollow: of altar of tabern. נְבוּב לֻחוֹת Ex 27:8; 38:7 (P); of pillar in temple Je 52:21; fig. אִישׁ נָבוּב Jb 11:12; i.e. empty, hollow-minded man.

σχολ-άζω, Boeotian dialect σχολ-άδδω Refs:— to have leisure or spare time, to be at leisure, have nothing to do, σὺ δ᾽ ἢν σχολάσῃς Refs 5th c.BC+; διὰ τὸ μὴ σχολάζειν ὑπὸ πολέμων because they have no leisure left by the wars, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. καλῶς spend one's leisure well, Refs: with infinitive, have leisure or time to do a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 loiter, linger, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II σ. ἀπό τινος have rest or respite from a thing, cease from doing, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπὸ τοῦ Κρώμνου were set free from the operations at K., Refs 1st c.AD+ __III with dative, have leisure, time, or opportunity for a thing, devote one's time to a thing, πάντα τὸν βίον ἐσχόλακεν [ἐν] τούτῳ Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. φιλοσοφίᾳ, μουσικῇ, etc., Refs 2nd c.AD+; τῇ γῇ, i.e. agriculture, Refs 3rd c.AD+; so πρὸς ταῦτα Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 with dative person, devote oneself to.. , τοῖς φίλοις Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ στρατηγὸς.. τοῖς διαφέρουσιν ἐσχόλασεν Wilcken Refs 3rd c.AD+; especially of students, study, attend lectures, ἐπὶ Παλλαδίῳ Refs 1st c.BC+; σ. τινί devote oneself to a master, attend his lectures, σ. Καρνεάδῃ, Ἰσοκράτει,Refs 2nd c.BC+; μετ᾽ Ἐπικούρου Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.3 absolutely, devote oneself to learning: hence, give lectures Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ περὶ τοῦ τέλους σχολασθέντα lectures upon.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; of a gladiator, to be master of a school (ludus), εἰς Ἔφεσον Refs __IV of a place, to be vacant, unoccupied, Refs 1st c.AD+: with dative, to be reserved for, τὸ ἀπ᾽ οὐρανοῦ κορυφῆς μέχρι σελήνης θεοῖς καὶ ἄστροις.. σχολάζει Refs 2nd c.AD+

† בֹּ֫הוּ n.[m.] emptiness (on form v. Ges§ 84 a, 1 b Sta§ 95, 198 a, on usage cf. LagOr. ii. 60 f.) always c. תֹּהוּ q.v.;—תֹּהוּ וָבֹהוּ Gn 1:2 of primæval earth; Je 4:23 of earth under judgment of י׳; קַו־תֹֿהוּ וְאַבְנֵי בֹהוּ Is 34:11, the line of wasteness and the stones of emptiness, i.e. plummets, employed, not as usual for building, but for destroying walls; cf. Di & v. sub אבן 6.

ἀδηλ-ότης, ητος, ἡ, uncertainty, Refs 5th c.BC+

† בּוּקָה n.f. emptiness, Na 2:11 וּמְבֻלָּקָה בּוּקה וּמְבוּקָה emptiness and void and waste.

† מְבוּקָה n.f. id., Na 2:11 v. supr.

† [מָזֶה] adj. (si vera l.) sucked out, empty, מְזֵי רָעָב Dt 32:24 sucked out, empty, from hunger (‖ לְחֻמֵי רֶשֶׁף) so Is 5:13 Ew De Che Di Du (for MT מְתֵי; 𝔊 𝔙 מֵתֵי).