Earth and Land

אֶ֫רֶץ2407 n.f. Gn 10:11 & (seld.) m. Ez 21:24 earth, land (Ph. MI ארץ, Assyrian irṣitu COTGloss, Arabic أَرْضٌ, Sab. ארץֿ e.g. Os 9 DHMZMG 1875, 594, 614; Sem. Sprachf. 12, cf. PräBAS i. 374 n., Aramaic אֲרַע, ܐܰܪܥܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Gn 1:24 +; cstr. 2:11 +; אָ֑רֶץ 1:10 +; c. art. always הָאָ֫רֶץ 1:11 +; c. ה—ָloc. אַ֫רְצָה 11:31 +, (poet. = אָרֶץ Jb 34:13; cf. 1 S 25:23 1 K 1:31); sf. אַרְצִי 20:15 + אַרְצְךָ (אַרְצֶ֑ךָ) 12:1 +, etc.; pl. אֲרָצוֹת Je 28:8 + 65 times; cstr. אַרְצוֹת Ez 39:27 + 6 times; sf. אַרְצֹתָם Gn 10:5 + 2 times;— 1. a. earth, whole earth (opp. to a part) Gn 18:18, 25; 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה 12:3) Je 25:26, 29, 30; 26:6 Is 37:16, 20 = 2 K 19:15, 19 Zc 4:10, 14 +. b. earth, opp. to heaven, sky Gn 1:2 Ex 20:4 Dt 5:8; 30:19 Ju 5:4 La 2:1 Is 37:16 = 2 K 19:15 ψ 146:6 1 Ch 21:16; 29:11 2 Ch 2:11 +; as permanent Ec 1:4; built on foundations, or pillars 1 S 2:8 ψ 104:5 Jb 38:4 Is 48:13; 51:13, 16 cf. also Is 24:18 ψ 82:5; firm, so that its shaking is something terrible, & token of terrible power 1 S 14:5 2 S 22:8 = ψ 18:8 Jb 9:6 cf. ψ 46:3 & v 7; so also Am 8:8 Is 2:19, 21; 24:18, 19, 20 ψ 60:4; 77:19; 99:1; 114:7; as hung on nothing Jb 26:7; with waters under it Ex 20:4 = Dt 5:8 cf. Gn 7:11; personified, especially as addressed, called to witness, etc. Dt 32:1 Je 6:19; 22:29 Is 1:2 Mi 1:2 Jb 16:18. c. earth = inhabitants of earth Gn 6:11; 11:1 1 K 2:2; 10:24 ψ 33:8; 66:4 + cf. תֵּבֵל א׳ Pr 8:31 Jb 37:12. 2. land = a. country, territory, א׳ שִׁנְעָר Gn 10:10, א׳ מִצְרַיִם 21:21; cf. also 10:11; 11:28, 31; 13:10; 47:6, 27; 50:8 Is 7:18; 23:1, 13; 27:13 ψ 78:12 Je 25:20 1 Ch 1:43; personif. Is 62:4 Ec 10:16, 17. b. district, region Gn 19:28; 22:2 Jos 11:3 ψ 42:7. c. tribal territory Dt 34:2 Ju 21:21 1 S 9:4, 16; 13:7 1 K 15:20 Is 8:23; and still smaller territories 1 S 9:4, 5. d. piece of ground Gn 23:15. e. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel Gn 11:31; 12:1, 5, 6, 7; 31:3 Lv 14:34 Dt 17:14; 18:9 2 K 5:2, 4 +; especially obj. of יָרַשׁ possess Dt 3:20 + often Dt ψ al.; so after נָחַל Jos 19:49 +; נָתַן Dt 1:21 +. f. = inhabitants of land Lv 19:29 Ez 14:13 + cf. Dt 24:4 Zc 12:12 etc. g. used even of Sheʾôl Jb 10:21, 22 (cf. Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, v. Jr 10.65); v. also ψ 139:15 Is 44:23. 3. a. ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה q.v. Gn 1:26, 30; 18:2; 33:3; 38:9 Ex 4:3; 16:14 Ru 2:10 1 S 5:4 + very often in S. b. soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה Gn 1:11, 12 Lv 19:9; 25:19; 26:4 cf. Nu 14:7, 8 Is 36:17 = 2 K 18:32 ψ 72:6, 16; 107:34, 35 Ezr 9:12 Ne 9:35. 4. אֶרֶץ in phrases: a. people of the land עַם־הָא׳ of non-Israelites Gn 23:7, 12, 13 (P) Nu 14:9 (JE); as well as Isr. Lv 20:4 (H) 2 K 15:5; 16:15; 21:24(×2); especially common people, opp. officials, princes Lv 4:27 (P) Ez 7:27 2 K 11:18, 19. †b. in measurements of distance, כִּבְרַת הָא׳ the space or distance of country (v. כּברה) Gn 35:16, so כִּבְרַת א׳ some distance Gn 48:7 2 K 5:19. c. אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר the country of the plain, level or plain country Dt 4:33 Je 48:21; א׳ מִישׁוֹר fig. ψ 143:10 (but read אֹרַח 𝔖 Bi Gr Che, cf. ψ 27:11). d. א׳חַיִּים land of the living ψ 27:13; א׳ הַחַיִּים ψ 142:6 +. e. קְצֵה הָא׳ end(s) of the earth Is 42:10; 43:6 (‖ רָחוֹק) ψ 135:7 Pr 17:24, so אַפְסֵי א׳ Pr 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָא׳ Is 40:28; 41:5, 9. 5. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Je 16:15 + 6 times Je; 23 times Ez; Is 36:20; 37:11 = 2 K 18:35; 19:11 (Is 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם v. Che Di & cf. 2 K 19:17); 22 times Chr; Dn 9:7; 11:40, 42; ψ 105:44; 106:27; 107:3; 116:9; besides these only P Gn 10:5, 20, 31 Lv 26:36, 39, except Gn 26:3, 4 (JR) 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., v. especially abs. Ez 20:32; 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel’s control Gn 26:3, 4, cf. 1 Ch 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Ch 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

γῆ, ἡ, occasionally in Refs 8th c.BC+: dual γαῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; γῶν Refs 2nd c.BC+:—earth (including land and sea, Refs 7th c.BC+ opposed to heaven, or land opposed to sea, Γῆ τε καὶ Ἠέλιος καὶ Ἐρινύες Refs 8th c.BC+; τίς γ; Refs 8th c.BC+; κατὰ γῆν on land, by land, opposed to ναυσί, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐκ θαλάσσης, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ γῆς on earth, opposed to νέρθε, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ γῆς below the earth, Refs 5th c.BC+: genitive with local Adverbs, ἵνα γῆς Refs 5th c.BC+; ποῦ, ποῖ, ὅποι γ., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 earth, as an element, Refs 6th c.BC+ __2.b γῆν καὶ ὕδωρ αἰτεῖν, as tokens of submission, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II land, country, καὶ γῆν καὶ πόλιν Refs 4th c.BC+; γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνεσθαι, διώκειν, from land to land, LXX+5th c.BC+; one's native land, Refs 7th c.BC+; frequently omitted with article, ἐκ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ (i.e. γῆς) δραπέτας Refs __II.2 frequently in Trag., city, αὐτός τε καὶ γῆ δορὶ πεσοῦσ᾽ Ἑλληνικῷ Refs __III the earth or ground as tilled, ἄροτον γῆς Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; τὴν γῆν ἐργάζεσθαι, θεραπεύειν, till the ground, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 estate, farm, γῆν πρίασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ γῇ δανείζειν lend on mortgage, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV of particular kinds of earth or minerals, e.g. fuller's earth. Refs 5th c.BC+

אֲדָמָה224 n.f. ground, land (as tilled, Ger. bebaut? DlPr 105, but Fleisch. (MerxArchiv I, 236 f) comp. Ar. أَدَمَة skin, as smoothly covering & close-fitting; √דם cf. Ar. دَمَّ smear (spread over surface); cf. also NöZMG 1886, 737)—א׳ Gn 1:25 +; cstr. אַדְמַת Gn 47:20 +; sf. אַדְמָתִי Jb 31:38 + 2 textual etc.; pl. אֲדָמוֹת ψ 49:12— 1. ground (as tilled, yielding sustenance) Gn 2:5, 9; 3:17, 23; 4:2, 3, 12; 5:29; 8:21; 19:25; 47:23 Ex 34:26 (all J); Ex 23:19 (E) Dt 7:13; 11:17; 26:2, 10, 15; 28:4, 11, 18, 33, 42, 51; 30:9; 2 S 9:10 Is 1:7; 28:24; 30:23(×2), 24 Je 7:20; 14:4; 25:33 Hg 1:11 Mal 3:11 ψ 83:11; 105:35 Pr 12:11 28:19 1 Ch 27:26 Ne 10:36, 38 cf. fig. Jb 5:6 (‖ עפר); personif. 31:38 Jo 1:10; also אִישׁ הָא׳ Gn 9:20 (J) tiller, husbandman; meton. אֹהֵב א׳ 2 Ch 26:10 i.e. lover of husbandry (or do these point to earlier meaning tillage? cf. DlPr 105) אִישׁ עֹבֵד א׳ Zc 13:5. †2. piece of ground, landed property Gn 47:18, 19(×3), 20, 22(×2), 23, 26 (all J) ψ 49:12 (pl.) †3. earth as material substance; of wh. man is made Gn 2:7 (עָפָר מִן־הָא׳); so animals v 19 (מִן־הָא׳); altar Ex 20:24; earthen vessels חַרְשֵׂי א׳ Is 45:9, on head, sign of woe 1 S 4:12 2 S 1:2; 15:32; of contrition Ne 9:1 (cf. אֵפֶר, עָפָר); מַעֲבֵה הָא׳ 1 K 7:46 cf. 2 Ch 4:17 (firmness of earth, firm earth, clay-ground, for casting-moulds; or clay-moulds (Be)? or is this n.pr.? Klo proposes בַּמְּעָרָה הָאֲדֻמָּה in the red cave); mule-loads of 2 K 5:17; in it lie the dead מִיְּשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־עָפָר Dn 12:2 cf. Gn 3:19, 23 ψ 146:4. 4. ground as earth’s visible surface; רֶמֶס הָא׳ Gn 1:25; 6:20 (both P) Ho 2:20 cf. Gn 7:8; 9:2 (J?) Lv 20:25 (P) Dt 4:18 Ez 38:20; also Gn 4:10 (J) Is 24:21 Am 3:5 Zp 1:2, 3; as wet with dew 2 S 17:12; rain 1 K 17:14; 18:1; cf. personif. פָּֽצְתָה הָא׳ אֶת־פִּיהָ Nu 16:30 (P) (‖ ארץ v 32), vid. v 31 Gn 4:11; of partic. place, spot א׳ קֹדֶשׁ Ex 3:5 especially as abode of man Ex 10:6 Dt 4:10, 40; 12:1 1 S 20:31 2 S 14:7; oft.פְּנֵי הָא׳ Gn 2:6; 4:14; 6:1, 7; 7:4, 23; 8:8, 13 Ex 32:12; 33:16 Nu 12:3 Dt 6:15; 7:6 (all J, D) 1 S 20:15 + 9 textual 5. land, territory, country (= ארץ Gn 47:19 (J) Lv 20:24 (J?—‖ ארץ) cstr. bef. n.pr. א׳ מִצְרַיִם Gn 47:20, 26; א׳ יְהוּדָה Is 19:17; א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Ez 11:17 + 16 textual Ez; espe. of land as promised or given by י׳ to his people = Canaan Gn 28:15 Ex 20:12 Nu 11:12; 32:11 (all J?) Dt 5:16 + 16 textual Dt, Jos; 1 K 8:34, 40 +, Je 16:15; 24:10; 25:5; 35:15 Ez 28:25 2 Ch 6:25, 31; 7:20; 33:8; cf. also Dt 12:19; 21:23; 29:27 2 K 17:23 Is 6:11; 7:16; 14:1 +, Ez 34:13, 27 +, Ne 9:25 (א׳ שְׁמֵנָה),—in all c. 41 textual + Jo 2:21 (personif.); א׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ Zc 2:16 (cf. sub 4 supr. hence also as Yahweh’s land Dt 32:43 Is 14:2 Zc 9:16 2 Ch 7:20. †6. whole earth, inhabited earth (seld.; cf. also פְּנֵי הָא׳ sub 4 supr.) Gn 12:3; 28:14 (both J cf. אֶרֶץ 18:18; 22:18; 26:4) Dt 14:2 Am 3:2 Is 24:21. †7. n.pr.loc. city in Naphtali (as built cf. אָדָם 4? = ed-Dâme?) W. of L. Gennes. Jos 19:36 v. Di.

† I דָּמָה vb. be like, resemble (NH id., Aramaic דְּמֵי, דְּמָא, ܕܡܳܐ cf. דמין, ܕܡܰܝܳܐ price, Nab. דמי id. (Nö in EutNab.Inscr. p. 35); also ܕܡܽܘܬܳܐ, and ܕܽܘܡܝܳܐ likeness (whence Arabic دُمْيَةٌ image, effigy, as loan-wd. Frä272) cf. דְּמוּת)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ד׳ Ez 31:8 ψ 144:4; 3 fs. דָּֽמְתָה Ct 7:8; 2 ms. דָּמִיתָ Ez 31:2, 18; 1 s. דָּמִיתִי ψ 102:7; 3 pl. דָּמוּ Ez 31:8; 1 pl. דָּמִינוּ Is 1:9; Impf. 3 ms. יִדְמֶה ψ 89:7; 1 pl. וְנִדְמֶה consec. Is 46:5; Imv. ms. דְּמֵה Ct 2:17; 8:14; Pt. דּוֹמֶה Ct 2:9;—be like, resemble, of external appearance, sq. לְ, Ct 7:8; 2:9, 17; 8:14; sq. אֶל־ Ez 31:8(×2), 18 (all of tree, fig. of Pharaoh); of condition or quality sq. לְ Is 1:9 ψ 102:7; 144:4; so מִי … יִדְמֶה ליהוה ψ 89:7; also abs. Is 46:5; sq. אֶל Ez 31:2. Pi. Pf. דִּמָּה 2 S 21:5, דִּמִּיתָ ψ 50:21; דִּמִּיתִי Nu 33:56, Is 14:24; sf. דִּמִּיתִיךָ Ct 1:9, דִּמּוּ 2 S 21:5; Impf. יְדַמֶּה Is 10:7; 2 fs. תְּדַמִּי Est 4:13 (juss.); אֲדַמֶּה La 2:13; Ho 12:11; 2 mpl. תְּדַמְּיוּן Is 40:18; sf. תְּדַמְּיוּנִי Is 40:25; 46:5;—liken, compare; imagine, think, devise;— 1. liken, i.e. consider to be like, compare, causat. of Qal, sq. לְ of external appearance Ct 1:9; of quality or condition Is 46:5 (obj. י׳) La 2:13; sq. אֶל of external a appearance Is 40:18, 25 (both obj. God in ref. to idols); abs. use comparisons or similitudes (parables, symbols, etc.) Ho 12:11 (subj. י׳). 2. imagine, form an idea, devise 2 S 21:5 (on context cf. Dr); think, intend, sq. Inf. Nu 33:56 (J or H); Ju 20:5; Est 4:13; abs. Is 10:7; cf. 14:24; think that, sq. obj. cl. (Impf. without conj.) ψ 50:21; think of, sq. acc. ψ 48:10. Hithp. make oneself or become like; Impf; אֶדַּמֶּה לְעֶלְיוֹן Is 14:14 I will make myself like the Most High (on form cf. Ges§ 54, 2).

χώρα, Ionic dialect χώρη, ἡ, ={χῶρος}, space or room in which a thing is, defined as partly occupied space, distinguished from κενόν and τόπος, Refs 5th c.BC+ = countryRefs 8th c.BC+; χώραν τινὶ καταλιπεῖν leave room for it, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 generally, place, spot, στρέψεσθ᾽ ἐκ χώρης ὅθι.. Refs 8th c.BC+; χώραν ἐκ χώρας μεταβάλλειν move from place to place, Refs 5th c.BC+; field in a ceiling, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ πρώτη χ. the first field (on the chest of Cypselus), Refs 2nd c.AD+; socket or cavity of a joint, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the eye, Refs 4th c.BC+; as euphemism for the genital organs, Refs __3 the position, proper place of a person or thing, ἐνὶ χώρῃ ἕζεται Refs 8th c.BC+: especially a soldier's post, Ἄρης οὐκ ἔνι χώρα is not at his post (or perhaps in the land,Refs 5th c.BC+; χώραν λιπεῖν, προλείπειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; μισθοφορεῖν κεναῖς χ. draw pay for unfilled vacancies, Refs 4th c.BC+ fill a person's place, Refs 6th c.AD+ take a position, find one's place, ἕως ἂν χώραν λάβῃ [τὰ πράγματα] till they are brought into position, into order, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι χώραν νοήσεως ἡντινοῦν τὸ ἀγαθόν the Good cannot have any possibility of thinking, Refs 3rd c.AD+; σοὶ ἀστρονομεῖν χ. your province is astronomy, Refs 2nd c.AD+ time and place, ἐν ὁποία ἀξία φυτευθῆναι καὶ ὥρὰ καὶ χώρᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς ὥρας καὶ χώρας καὶ διαίταςRefs 4th c.BC+ b. in metric, position of a foot in a verse, τὸ δακτυλικὸν δέχεται δακτύλους καὶ σπονδείους κατὰ πᾶσαν χ. Refs 7th c.AD+ __4 metaphorically, station, place, position, ἐν χώρᾳ τινὸς εἶναι to be in his position, be counted the same as he is, ἐν ἀνδραπόδων or μισθοφόρου χώρᾳ εἶναι to be in the position of slaves or mercenaries, to pass or rank as such, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν οὐδεμιᾷ χ. εἶναι to have no place or rank, be in no esteem, Refs 6th c.BC+ __5 in senses Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς τὰς ἑαυτῶν χ. πάρεισι are at their posts, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν χώρᾳ in one's place, at one's post, ἐν ταῖς χ. γενέσθαι Refs; ἐν χώρᾳ πίπτειν, ἀποθνῄσκειν, die at one's post, Refs; ἐπὶ χώρας ἕσσαι set it in its place, Refs 5th c.BC+; also μένειν ἐπὶ χώρας, ={μένειν κατὰ χώραν}, remain in force, Refs 2nd c.BC+; κατὰ χώρην εἶναι be in one's place, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἤλπιζον.. οὐ μενεῖν κατὰ χ. τὰ πράγματαRefsas it was, undisturbed, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐᾶν κατὰ χ. τὴν πόλιν leave in its place, leave as it was, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ χ. ἀπιέναι retire in their old order, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II land, i.e. , __II.1 a land, country, ἅς τινας ἵκεο χώρας ἀνθρώπων Refs 8th c.BC+; territory, ὁ τύραννος ἢ πόλεων ἢ χ. πολλῆς [ἐπιθυμεῖ] Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 landed estate, Refs 5th c.BC+. b. country town, τοὺς κήρυκας διαπέμψαντες ἐς τὰς χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 the country, opposed to to the town, ἡ πόλις καὶ ἡ χ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ ἐκ τῆς χ. γιγνόμενος σῖτοςRefs; ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ κοιταῖον γίγνεσθαι, opposed to ἐν ἄστει, Decrees cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; ἁ κοινὰ χ. (of two cities) Refs 2nd c.BC+: especially of Egypt as opposed to Alexandria, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἡ ἄνω χ. καὶ ἡ κάτω, Upper and Lower Egypt, Refs 3rd c.BC+ alone is used in Attic dialect; whereas in signification 1 χῶρος is common, except in the special sense of one's proper place or post (χῶρος and χώρα perhaps cognate with χῆρος, χῆτος).

[אֲרַע21] n.[f.] earth (so 𝔗 Syriac; = BH אֶרֶץ, q.v.);—emph. אַרְעָא Dn 2:35, 39 + 16 times Dn, Ezr 5:11; Je 10:11b; אַ֫רְעָא (D§§ 9, 5 a; 44, 1 n) = אֲרַע + א—ָ of direction, earthward, i.e. downward, אַרְעָא מִנָּךְ Dn 2:39 Kt lower than thou, i.e. inferior to thee Qr אֲרַע (cf.𝔗 אֲרַע מִן Ru 4:4);—Je 10:11a v. [אֲרַק].

χᾰμ-αί, adverb on the ground, χ. ἧσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; of birds, ποιεῖν νεοττιὰν χ., opposed to ἐπὶ δένδρου, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, ἐσλὸν χ. σιγᾷ καλύψαι to bury in silence underground, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. ἐρχόμενοι cleaving to earth, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II ={χαμᾶζε}, to earth, ἐν κονίῃσι χ. πέσεν Refs 8th c.BC+to the ground, NT+5th c.BC+. (Cf. Latin humus, humi, Lithuanian ž[etilde]mė 'earth'.)

† גּוּשׁ n.[m.] clod, lump (NH id., Aramaic גּוּשָׁא; cf. Arabic جَسْءٌ etc., rough ground, also ice)—וְגיּשׁ עָפָר Jb 7:5, Qr וְגוּשׁ ע׳.

ἔδᾰφος, εος, τό, bottom, foundation, base of anything, τῆς κατασκευῆς τὰ ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. νηός bottom of a ship, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔ. ποταμοῦ, τῆς θαλάττης, Refs 5th c.BC+; [ποτηρίου] Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 ground-floor, pavement, οἴκου Refs 5th c.BC+; καθελεῖν ἐς ἔ. raze to the ground, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔπεσον εἰς τὸ ἔ. NT+3rd c.AD+ __3 ground, soil, περὶ τοῦ τῆς πατρίδος ἐδάφους ἀγωνίζεσθαι for our country's soil, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐχθρὸς τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἐδάφει, of a mortal foe, Refs; soil, viewed in regard to its quality, Refs 4th c.BC+ lands and tenements (including houses), Refs 4th c.BC+; also, masses of earth, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 text of a manuscript, opposed to margin (μέτωπον), Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4.b manuscript, Refs __5 background of puppet-theatre, Refs 2nd c.BC+

† [אֲרַק] n.[f.] earth (= [אֲרַע]; ארקא Egyptian Aramaic S-CPap. B 15 + often (sometimes also ארעא, as ib. 16), Ninev. and Bab. Aramaic Cooke 192, also Mand. Nö M § 66, Zinj., Lzb 227 Cooke 166 (cf. 183); ק = ע, as Zinj. מוקא = מוצא, רקי = רצה, Cooke 166, 185; cf.K§ 7, 2 and Anm. 1 and reff., Cooke 185 NöZMG xlvii (1893), 100; M § 66 Gunk Schöpf. 18 Lzb Eph. i. 223 SACJQ, 1903–4, 273);—emph. אַרְקָא Je 10:11a.

† [יַבֶּ֫שֶׁת] n.f. earth (so Syriac; 𝔗 as BH יַבָּשָׁה dry land, √ יָבֵשׁ);—emph. יַבֶּשְׁתָּא Dn 2:10.

† [שְׁדֵמָה] n.f. field;—only pl.: abs. שְׁדֵמוֹת Hb 3:17 Je 31:40 Qr (> Kt השׁרמות); cstr. שַׁדְמ(וֹ)ת Dt 32:32 + 2 times;—fields, as cultivated Dt 32:32, also (c. vb. sg.) Is 16:8; Hb 3:17; as locality 2 K 23:4, area Je 31:40.—שְׁדֵמָה Is 37:27 v. שְׁדֵפָה.