Drunkenness and Intoxication

† שֵׁכָר n.[m.] intoxicating drink, strong drink (BaNB § 71);—always שׁ׳ abs.; usually ‖ יַיִן (except ψ 69:13): Is 29:9; usually condemned, Is 5:11, 22; 28:7(×3); 56:12 (נִסְבְּאָה שׁ׳), Mi 2:11; 1 S 1:15; Pr 20:1; forbidden to priests on duty Lv 10:9 (P); not for princes Pr 31:4; nor Nazirite Nu 6:3; Ju 13:4, 7, 14, cf. חֹמֶץ שׁ׳ Nu 6:3; שׁוֹתֵי שׁ׳ ψ 69:13 drunkards; but שׁ׳ as common drink Dt 29:5 (opp. to miraculous), allowable in sacrif. meal 14:26, commended for weak and weary Pr 31:6; נֶסֶךְ שׁ׳ Nu 28:7 (P; for יַיִן v 14 +); v. further KennedyEncy. Bib. iv. 5309 f..—On form cf. LagM ii. 357;BN 51.

† I. [שָׁכַר] vb. be, or become, drunk, drunken (NH id., der. spec. and deriv.; Ecclus 40:18, 20 שכר strong drink; Arabic سَكِرَ be drunken, also be full, سَكَرَ fill; Assyrian šikaru, = שֵׁכָר, šakkûru, drunken, perhaps also vb. šakâru; Ethiopic ሰክረ: Aramaic שִׁכְרָא, ܫܰܟܪܳܐ = שֵׁכָר, especially date-wine (Löw p. 125), cf. ܫܟܰܪ be drunken, usually (der. spec.) defile, deform, etc.; from שֵׁכָר, Egyptian ṯà-k-ï̥ra WMMAs. u. Eur. 102, Gk. σίκερα LewyFremdw. 81);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָֽׁכְרוּ Is 29:9; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּשְׁכָּ֑ר Gn 9:21, 3 mpl. יִשְׁכָּר֑וּן Is 49:26, etc.; Imv. mpl. שִׁכְרוּ Je 25:27 Ct 5:1; Inf. cstr. לְשָׁכְרָה Hg 1:6; Pt. pass. שְׁכֻרַת Is 51:21 (Ges§ 130 b LagBN 60);—become drunken Gn 9:21 (J), of social drinking 43:34 (J), Ct 5:1, token of plenty Hg 1:6; fig. of nations staggering helplessly under calamity Je 25:27; 51:21 (וְלֹא מִיָּ֑יִן), Na 3:11; of infatuation Is 29:9 (וְלֹא יַיִן), of disgrace La 4:21, self-destruction, כֶּעָסִיס דָּמָם יִשׁ׳ Is 49:26. Pi. make drunken: Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיְשַׁכְּרֵהוּ 2 S 11:13, lit.; fig. 1 s. (sf. of people) וַאֲשַׁכְּרֵם (read וָ׳) Is 63:6 (subj. י׳) I made them drunk in my wrath (but MSS Ges Hi Ew Che Kit Marti al. וָאֲשַׁבְּרֵם I brake them in pieces); Pt. fs., of Bab., מְשַׁכֶּרֶת כָּל־הָאָרֶץ Je 51:7; cf. Inf. abs. שַׁכֵּר Hb 2:15 (i. e. terrorizing nations; read prob. הַשְׁקֵה וְאַף שׁ׳ We Now). Hiph. id.: Pf. 1 s. וְהִשְׁכַּרְתִּ֫י Je 51:57 (subj. י׳) i.e. make princes helpless, וְהִשְׁכַּרְתִּים v 39; Imv. mpl. sf. הַשְׁכִּירֻהוּ, obj. Moab, i.e. make helpless and disgraced 48:26; Impf. 1 s. אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם Dt 32:42.—RubenJQ xi (1899), 446 proposes מַשְׁכִּירוֹת Ho 7:5 for משׁך ידו את. Hithp. Impf. 2 fs. תִּשְׁתַּכָּרִין 1 S 1:14 how long wilt thou make thyself drunken [a drunken spectacle]?

† [חָגַג] vb. make pilgrimage, keep a pilgrim-feast (Arabic حَجَّ betake oneself to or towards an object of reverence; make a pilgrimage to Mecca; Sab. חגג make pilgrimage Sab. Denkm86, cf. 85; Syriac ܚܰܓܺܝ celebrate a feast. In Palm. חגגו is n.pr. VogNo. 61; cf. also Ph. n.pr. חגי, חגת);— Qal Pf. 2 mpl. חַגֹּתֶם Ex 12:14 + 2 times; Impf. 2 ms. תָּחֹג Ex 23:14 Dt 16:15; 3 mpl. יָח֫וֹגּוּ ψ 107:27 (Bö§ 1118 (2)); וְיָחֹ֫גּוּ Ex 5:1; 2 mpl. תָּחֹ֫גּוּ Lv 23:39, 41; sf. תְּהָגֻּ֫הוּ Ex 12:14; Imv. f. חָגִּי Na 2:1; Inf. cstr. חֹג Zc 14:18 + 2 times; Pt. חוֹגֵג ψ 42:5; pl. חֹגֲגִים 1 S 30:16;— 1. keep a pilgrim-feast, abs. Ex 5:1 (JE) of one proposed by Moses; שׁלשׁ רגלים תחג לי three times shalt thou make pilgrimage unto me (in the year) Ex 23:14 (covt. code); of pilgrim-feasts in general Na 2:1, the Passover Ex 12:14 (P); elsewhere feast of Booths; all celebrated in part by sacred processions and dances; המון חוגג ψ 42:5 multitude keeping festival (led by the Psalmist in procession); חגג חג Lv 23:39 (H), Nu 29:12 (P), Na 2:1 Zc 14:16, 18, 19; חגג אתו חג Ex 12:14 (P), Lv 23:41 (H); אתוֹ Lv 23:41 (H); sf. Ex 12:14 (P). 2. behave as at a חָג 1 S 30:16 (of the Amalekites when surprised by David i.e. enjoying themselves merrily, Dr; others, circling in the sacred dance). 3. reel, in giddiness on the sea ψ 107:27 (cf. חָגָּא Is 19:17); this either points to an earlier meaning of √; or better, the ψ being late, means reel as from festival excesses (‖ וְיָנוּעוּ כַשִּׁכּוֹר).

† שִׁכֹּר, שִׁכּוֹר adj. drunken (BaNB § 134 b);—abs. שִׁכֹּר 1 S 25:36, שִׁכּוֹר 1 K 16:9 +, f. שִׁכֹּרָה 1 S 1:13, pl. שִׁכּוֹרִים Jo 1:5, cstr. שִׁכֹּרֵי Is 28:1; 3;—drunken: 1 S 25:36, אִישׁ שׁ׳ Je 23:9, שֹׁתֶה שׁ׳ 1 K 16:9 drinking (and) drunken, 20:16; as subst. = drunken one, drunkard Is 28:1, 3 Pr 26:9, pl. Jo 1:5 (‖ שֹׁתֵי יַיִן); in sim. Is 19:14; Jb 12:25 ψ 107:27, and (of earth) Is 24:20; f. of drunken woman 1 S 1:13.

μεθύω [ῠ], (μέθυ), only present and imperfect: future and aorist active belong to μεθύσκω (μεθύσας is falsa lectio in Refs 4th c.AD+; μεθύσαντας is falsa lectio for -τες in Refs 1st c.AD+aorist being supplied by passive of μεθύσκω:— to be drunken with wine, νευστάζων κεφαλῇ, μεθύοντι ἐοικώς Refs 8th c.BC+; μεθύων, opposed to νήφων, Refs 7th c.BC+; μ. ὑπὸ τοῦ οἴνου Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ μεθύειν drunkenness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, __II.1 of things, to be drenched, steeped in any liquid, with dative, e.g. βοείην.. μεθύουσαν ἀλοιφῇ Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 of persons, to be intoxicated with passion, pride, etc., ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης Refs 6th c.BC+ __II.2.b to be stupefied, stunned, πληγαῖς μεθύων Refs 3rd c.BC+

μεθύσκω, future -ύσω [ῠ] LXXaorist 1 ἐμέθῠσαLXX, Epic dialect -υσσα Refs 4th c.AD+; infinitive μεθύσαι Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, future μεθυσθήσομαι LXX+2nd c.AD+: aorist ἐμεθύσθην Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect infinitive μεθύσθην Refs 7th c.BC+: perfect μεμέθυσμαι Refs 3rd c.BC+ —Causal of μεθύω, make drunk, intoxicate, Διόνυσος οἶδε τὸ μεθύσαι μόνον Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 give to drink, θηλὴ μεθύσκει με μητρῴη Refs 2nd c.AD+; moisten, βωμοὺς ἐν γάλακτι, τέφρην, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II passive, ={μεθύω}, drink freely, get drunk, Refs 7th c.BC+; ὀδμῇ, οἴνῳ,Refs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐμεθύσθην, to be drunk, ἀνὴρ ὁκόταν μεθυσθῇ Refs 5th c.BC+ with nectar, Refs 5th c.BC+ with power, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 to be filled with food, μ. σίτῳ LXX; compare μεθύει· πεπλήρωται, Refs 5th c.AD+

† [סֹ֫בֶא] n.m. Is 1:22 drink, liquor;—only sf. סָבְאֵךְ Is 1:22; סָבְאָם Ho 4:18 (but v. infr.), Na 1:10 (but v. סָבָא);—liquor (appar. strong, choice) Is 1:22; סָר ס׳ Ho 4:18 their liquor (i.e. their drunkenness) is gone Thes Hi Che RVm, but very dub., 𝔊 quite diff. (ἡρέτισεν Χαναναίους), We GuKau Now om. in transl.; conj. of HoutsmaTTijdschr ix (1875), 60 סֹד סֹבְאִים, a company of wine-bibbers, makes good sense.

ἀσωτία, ἡ, prodigality, wastefulness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 profligacy, NT+2nd c.AD+

† תַּרְעֵלָה n.f. reeling (cf. רַ֫עַל);—כּוֹס הַתּ׳ Is 51:17, 22; יַיִן תּ׳ ψ 60:5 drink reeling as wine.

ἀκρᾰσ-ία, Ionic dialect ἀκρᾰ-σίη, __B ={ἀκράτεια}, NT+7th c.BC+

μέθῠσος, drunk with wine, properly only feminine, μέθυσος Ἀμαζών Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 later also, of men, μεθύσους τοὺς ἐμπόρους ποιεῖ NT+4th c.BC+; drunken, intemperate, Refs 1st c.AD+

σπᾰτᾰλ-άω, live softly or in excessive comfort or indulgence, NT+2nd c.BC+; τὰ σπαταλῶντα τῶν παιδίων spoilt children, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἀκρατ-ής, ές, (κράτος) powerless, impotent, γῆραςRefs 5th c.BC+ of paralysed limbs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 in Law, invalid, πρῆσιςRefs __II with genitive of things, not having power or command over a thing, γλώσσηςRefs 4th c.BC+; φωνῆς, παντὸς τοῦ σώματος, ἑωυτοῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. τῶν χειρῶν, of persons with their hands tied, Refs 1st c.BC+; intemperate in the use of a thing, ἀφροδισίων, οἴνου, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. κέρδους, τιμῆς intemperate in pursuit of them, Refs 4th c.BC+infinitive, ἀ. εἴργεσθαί τινος unable to refrain from.., Refs 5th c.BC+adverb -τῶς, Ionic dialect -τέως, διακεῖσθαιRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 absolutely in moral sense, without command over oneself or one's passions, incontinent, Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb ἀκρατῶς, ἔχειν πρός τιRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 of things, uncontrolled, immoderate, δαπάνηRefs 2nd c.AD+; οὖρον.. ἀκρατές incontinence of urine, Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare ἀκρᾰτί.

† חַכְלִילִי adj. (dark) dull, from wine, ח׳ עינים מִיָּ֑יִן Gn 49:12.

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† [סָבָא] only pl. סָבָאִים Ez 23:42 Qr =drunkards, wine-bibbers(?) so Thes al., but v. סְבָאִים.

† רַ֫עַל n.[m.] reeling;—only סַף־ר׳ Zc 12:2 goblet of reeling (fig. of Jerusalem).