Deceit and Treachery

† I. מִרְמָה n.f. deceit, treachery;—abs. מ׳ Am 8:5 +; pl. abs. מִרְמוֹת ψ 10:7 +;—deceit, of balances, מֹאזְנֵי מ׳ i.e. deceptive balances Am 8:5 (‖ שֶׁקֶר), Ho 12:8; Pr 11:1 (opp. אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה), 20:23, אַבְנֵי מ׳ Mi 6:11 (v. [מאזן] p. 24); especially treachery, craftiness, 2 K 9:23, בְּמ׳ treacherously, Gn 27:35 (J), and (of crafty speech) 34:13 (P); שִׂפְתֵי מ׳ ψ 17:1 i.e. treacherous lips, לְשׁוֹן מ׳ 52:6, פִּי מ׳ 109:2 (‖ לְשׁוֹן שָׁ֑קֶר), דִּבְרֵי מִרְמוֹת 35:20, נִשְׁבַע לְמ׳ ψ 24:4 (‖ לַשָּׁוְא); cf. Is 53:9 (‖ חָמָם); also Ho 12:1 (‖ כַּחַשׁ), Je 5:27; 9:5(×2), 7; Zp 1:9 (+ חָמָם), ψ 10:7 (+ תֹּךְ, ‖ עָמָל וָאָוֶן), 34:14; 36:4 (+ אָוֶן), 38:13; 50:19; 55:12 (+ תֹּךְ), Jb 15:35; 31:5 (‖ שָׁוְא), Pr 12:20; 14:8; 26:24 Dn 8:25; opp. מִשְׁפָּט Pr 12:5, + עֵד שְׁקָרִים v 17, + יָפִחַ כְּזָבִים 14:25 (Hi Wild Toy read מְדַמֶּה for מרמה, but II. דמה not elsewhere Pi); אִישׁ דָּמִים וּמ׳ ψ 5:7 (‖ דֹּבְרֵי כָזָב), cf. 55:24, אִישׁ מ׳ וְעַוְלָה 43:1; יַעֲשֶׂה מ׳ Dn 11:23.—ii. מִרְמָה n.pr. v. p. 599.

† שֹׁ֫חַד n.m. present, specif. bribe;—שׁ׳ abs. Is 1:23 + 22 times;—bribe, usually to pervert justice, obj. of לָקַח Ex 23:8a (E), = Dt 16:19a; Dt 10:17; 1 S 8:3; 2 Ch 19:7 ψ 15:5; Pr 17:23; + inf., take bribe to do something, Dt 27:25; Ez 22:12; אָהַב שׁ׳ Is 1:23; cf. also 5:23; 33:15 Ex 23:8b (E) = Dt 16:19b, Mi 3:11 ψ 26:10; Pr 17:8; 21:14; אָהֳלֵי־שׁ׳ Jb 15:34, i.e. abode of bribe-givers; שׁ׳ Pr 6:35 (‖ כֹּפֶר) is hush-money, or (poss.) legal compensation (cf. Toy); שׁ׳ elsewhere (c. שָׁלַח) of bribing king to take sides 1 K 15:19; 2 K 16:8, cf. Is 45:13 (‖ מְחִיר).

† כָּחַשׁ vb. be disappointing, deceive, fail, grow lean (NH כָּחַשׁ grow lean; Hiph. convict of falsehood, refute; Aramaic כְּחַשׁ grow lean; כַּחְשָׁא leanness, כְּחִישׁוּתָא leanness, weakness; Aph. as NH Hiph.)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וּבְשָׂרִי כָּחַשׁ מִשָּׁ֑מֶן ψ 109:24 my flesh hath grown lean (away) from fatness (‖ בִּרְכַּי כָּֽשְׁלוּ מִצּוֹם). Niph. Impf. וְיִכָּֽחֲשׁוּ אֹיְבֶיךָ לָךְ Dt 33:29 thine enemies shall cringe (come cringing, i.e. orig. act deceptively, feigning obedience) to thee (cf. also Pi 3, Hithp.) Pi. Pf. 3 ms. כִּחֵשׁ 1 K 13:18 Hb 3:17; וְכִ֫חֶשׁ consec. (bef. monosyll.) Lv 5:22 Jb 8:18, etc.; Impf. (בָּהּ) יְכַ֫חֶשׁ Ho 9:2; 3 fs. וַתְּכַחֵשׁ Gn 18:15, etc.; inf. abs. כַּחֵשׁ Ho 4:2 Is 59:13; cstr. Zc 13:4;— 1. deceive, abs. Gn 18:15 (J), Jos 7:11 (JE), Ho 4:2 (אלה וכחשׁ together = false swearing according to WeKl. Pr.; + וְרָצֹחַ וְגָנֹב וְנָאֹ֑ף), cf. לֹא תִגְנֹ֑בוּ וְלֹא־תְכַחֲשׁוּ וְלֹא תְשַׁקְּרוּ אִישׁ בַּעֲמִיתוֹ Lv 19:11 (H); לְמַעַן כ׳ Zc 13:4 in order to deceive; sq. לְ pers. 1 K 13:18 Jb 31:28; sq. בְ pers. et rei Lv 5:21, בְ rei v 22. 2. act deceptively against (i.e. seem to acknowledge, but not really do so), sq. בְ pers. Jos 24:27 (E) Je 5:12 Is 59:13 Jb 8:18, appar. also וְתִירוֹשׁ יכ׳ בָּהּ Ho 9:2 and new wine shall deny her (Isr.; i.e. refuse to acknowledge her as its mistress, not yield itself to her); abs. Pr 30:9. 3. cringe = come cringing (make shew of obedience, v. Niph.), sq. בְ pers. ψ 18:45 (Hithp. in ‖ 2 S 22:45); sq. לְ pers. ψ 66:3; 81:16. 4. disappoint, fail, abs. כִּחֵשׁ מַעֲשֵׂה זַיִת Hb 3:17 the product of the olive hath failed (in sense comp. Ho 9:2 supr.) Hithp. Impf. יִתְכַּחֲשׁוּ לִי 2 S 22:45 shall come cringing to me (‖ ψ 18:45, v. supr.)

δόλος __B· πάσσαλος, Refs 5th c.AD+

πλᾰν-η, ἡ, wandering, roaming, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 discursive treatment, ἡ διὰ παντὸς διέξοδος καὶ π. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, going astray, βίοτος ἀνθρώπων π. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ περὶ τὰ χρώματα π. τῆς ὄψεως the illusion, Refs; πολλὴν ἔχει.. πλάνην irregularity, Refs 4th c.BC+; πολλὰς ἀπορίας ἔχει καὶ π. Refs; ἡ κατὰ τὰς αἰσθήσεις π. Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 deceit, imposture, LXX+NT

† I. רְמִיָּה n.f. deceit, treachery;—always abs. ר׳;—deceit, treachery: especially of speech, pred. of לָשׁוֹן Mi 6:12 (‖ שֶׁקֶר), appos. of לָשׁוֹן (or read לְשֹׁוֹן?) ψ 120:2 (‖ שְׂפַת שֶׁקֶר), v 3; of man, עֹשֵׂה ר׳ 52:4 that workest treachery, 101:7 (‖ דֹּבֵר שְׁקָרִים); also Jb 13:7; 27:4 (both ‖ עַוְלָה); deception ψ 32:2 (‖ עָוֹן); in phr. קֶשֶׁת ר׳ treacherous bow (sim.) Ho 7:16 ψ 78:57 (failing him who trusts to it).

II. חָלַק vb. be smooth, slippery (NH adj. חָלָק smooth, empty, Arabic خَلَقَ make smooth, lie, forge, fabricate)— Qal Pf. ח׳ Ho 10:2; 3 mpl. חָֽלְקוּ ψ 55:22;—smooth, slippery, only fig.: Ho 10:2 of heart of faithless Isr. (so Ew Ke Wü Now RVm), We false; > Vrss (not 𝔊) Hi St who read חֻלַּק, divided is their heart; 𝔊 ἐμέρισαν; of words, smooth ψ 55:22 i.e. deceptive (‖ רַכּוּ דְבָרָיו מִשֶּׁמֶן). Hiph. Pf. הֶחֱלִיק ψ 36:3, הֶחֱלִיקָה Pr 2:16; 7:5; Impf. יַחֲלִיקוּן ψ 5:10; Pt. מַחֲלִיק Pr 28:23 + 2 times; make smooth: 1. lit. of idol-maker Is 41:7 c. acc. instr. פַּטִּישׁ hammer. 2. fig. the tongue, i.e. flatter with it ψ 5:10; Pr 28:23, words, Pr 2:16; 7:5 אֲמָרֶיהָ הֶחֱלִיקָה; abs. deal smoothy, sq. אֶל־ ψ 36:3, עַל Pr 29:5.

ἀπᾰτ-η, ἡ, trick, fraud, deceit, νῦν δὲ κακὴν ἀπάτην βουλεύσατοRefs 8th c.BC+: in plural, wiles, οὐκ ἄρ᾽ ἔμελλες.. λήξειν ἀπατάων, says Athena to Ulysses, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 guile, treachery, ἄταν ἀπάτᾳ μεταγνούςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. εὐπρεπής, opposed to βία ἐμφανής, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. λεχέων a being cheated out of the marriage, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄνευ δόλου καὶ ἀπάτης 'without fraud or covin', Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 Ἀπάτη, personified, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II beguiling of time, pastime (not Attic dialect, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III as name of a plant, falsa lectio for{ἀπάπη} (which see).

† רָכִיל n.[m.] slander, > tale-bearer, informer;—always ר׳ abs.;—ר׳ יַהֲלֹךְ Je 9:3, תֵּלֵךְ ר׳ Lv 19:16 (H), הוֹלֵךְ ר׳ Pr 11:13; 20:19, all of going about in slander, as slanderer (Ges§ 118 q); הֹלְכֵי ר׳ Je 6:28 goers of slander (slanderous persons) (cf. הָלַךְ, p. 231 f.); אַנְשֵׁי ר׳ Ez 22:9 men of slander, informers.

† II. רְמִיָּה n.f. laxness, slackness;—always abs. ר׳;—כַּף ר׳ Pr 10:4 slack (negligent, idle) hand (opp. יַד חָרוּצִים); ר׳ alone = slackness (abstr. for concr. = one who is slack) 12:24 (‖ id.), v 27 (v. חרך); נֶפֶשׁ ר׳ 19:15 (‖ עַצְלָה); as adv. עֹשֶׁה מְלֶאכֶת י׳ רְמִיָּה Je 48:10.

† תַּרְמִית n.f. deceitfulness;—abs. לְשׁוֹן תּ׳ Zp 3:13 (‖ עַוְלָה, כָּזָב), תַּרְמִת Je 8:5; cstr. תַּרְמִית לִבָּם 14:14 Qr (> Kt תרבות), תַּרְמִת לִבָּם 23:26 (‖ שֶׁקֶר); sf. שֶׁקֶר תַּרְמִיתָם the falseness of their calumny ψ 119:118.

† חֲלַקְלַקּוֹת n.pl.f.abstr. smoothness, slipperiness, flattery, fine promises; 1. slipperiness יהי־דרכם חשׁך וַחֲלַקְלַקֹּת ψ 35:6; יהיה דרכם להם כַּחֲלַקְלַקּוֹת Je 23:12. 2. fine promises והחזיק מלכוּת בַּחֲלַקְלַקּוֹת Dn 11:21; cf. 11:34.

† אַכְזָב adj. deceptive, disappointing (elative; opp. אֵיתָן q.v. sub יתן)—only abs. sg.:—Mi 1:14 (with play on n.pr. אַכְזִיב); of a deceptive, disappointing stream (cf. Is 58:11) Je 15:18 (‖ מַיִם לֹא נֶאְמָ֑נוּ; on meaning cf. Jb 6:15 ff.)

† בָּדָא vb. devise, invent (bad sense) (Mish. id., Aramaic בְּדָא, ܒܕܳܐ invent; cf. Arabic بَدَأَ begin, make a beginning)— Qal Pf. בָּדָא 1 K 12:33; Pt. sf. בּוֹדָאם (instead of בּוֹדְאָם) Ne 6:8—Jeroboam devised a feast in 8th month 1 K 12:33; invent accusation Ne 6:8.

† I. עָקֹב adj. 1. insidious, deceitful, Je 17:9 עָקֹב הַלֵּב מִכֹּל. 2. foot-tracked (denom. from i. עָקֵב) Ho 6:8 גִּלְעָד קִרְיַת פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן עֲקֻבָּה מִדָּם.

† [שָׁחַד] vb. give a present, bribe (Ecclus 35:14; Aramaic שְׁחַד, ܫܚܰܕ bribe; perhaps also Assyrian šidê, gifts, DlWB 643);— Qal Impf. 2 fs., acc. pers. וַתִּשְׁחֳדִי אוֹתָם Ez 16:33 thou didst bribe them to come (לָבוֹא; ‖ נָתַן נְדָנִים); read prob. also Inf. cstr. sf. שַׁחֲדָהּ Is 47:11 to buy it off (for MT שַׁחְרָה, so Kr Gr Buhl CheHpt. Heb. 142, cf. Marti; v. Pr 6:35); Imv. mpl. שִׁחֲדוּ בַעֲדִי (Ges§ 64 a) Jb 6:22 give a bribe for me.

δῐ-λογος, ον, double-tongued, doubtful, NT

δολόω, beguile, ensnare, take by craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; δολοῦν τινὰ γάμοις beguile by the anticipation of.., Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, Refs:—passive, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II disguise, μορφήν Refs; adulterate incense, wine, etc., Refs 1st c.AD+; alloy, Refs 2nd c.AD+; dye, τὰ ἔρια Refs 2nd c.AD+

κατασοφ-ίζομαι, outwit by sophisms or fallacies, with accusative person, LXX+1st c.BC+: with genitive, Ael.in Refs 3rd c.BC+ —also as passive, to be outwitted, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 κ. τι περί τινων evade by quibbling, Refs __3 falsify, Refs 1st c.AD+

κολᾰκ-εία, ἡ, flattery, fawning, Refs 5th c.BC+; περὶ κολακείας, title of treatise by Refs 1st c.BC+

πλαστός, ή, όν, formed, moulded, especially in clay or wax, γυνή Refs 8th c.BC+; π. εἰκών statue, opposed to painting, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 that can easily be moulded, plastic, Refs 4th c.BC+; in a thick paste, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, fabricated, forged, counterfeit, ἐκ λόγου πλαστοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; π. βακχεῖαι sham inspirations, Refs 5th c.BC+; πλαστὸς πατρί a supposititious son, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἐπιχείρημα hypothetical case, Refs 2nd c.AD+ adverb -τῶς, opposed to ὄντωςRefs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀληθῶς, Refs; π. ὀδυρόμενοι feignedly, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III see at {πλατός}.

† [אָרְבָּה] n.f. artifice, pl. cstr. אָרְבוֹת ידיו Is 25:11 (lit. tricks of his hands).

† [חֲלַקָּה] n.f. smoothness, flattery, only pl. abs.: fine promises, יַחֲנִיף בַּחֲלַקּ֑וֹת Dn 11:32 (perhaps directly from חָלָק, exceptional pl., cf. גְּמַלִּים, קְטַנָּה, קְטַנִּים, קְטַנּוֹת).

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† מַשָּׁאוֹן n.[m.] guile, dissimulation (> according to LagBN 196 der. from מַשָּׁא, lending on usury); תִּכַּסֶּה שִׂנְאָה בְּמַשָּׁאוֹן Pr 26:26 hatred may hide itself with dissimulation.

† II. עָקֵב adj. verb. overreacher, ψ 49:6 עֲוֹן עֲקֵבַי יְסֻבֵנִי i.e. of those who would take some insidious advantage of me.

† [עֹ֫רֶם] n.[m.] craftiness;—sf. בְּעָרְמָם Jb 5:13 (possibly from עָרְמָה Ges§ 91 e al.).

† רַמְיָה n.pr.m. (proposes י׳ hath loosened?);—one with foreign wife Ezr 10:25, Ραμιά(ς).