σκληρ-ύνω G4645
harden, make obstinate (active); become hardened (passive/middle)
2. become hardened (passive/middle) — To become hardened or obstinate, used in the passive or middle voice to describe the resultant state of spiritual hardness. In Acts 19:9, some were being hardened (imperfect middle/passive) and refused to believe Paul's preaching about the Way. In Hebrews 3:13, the subjunctive passive warns against being hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. The Hebrew hitqashshu (reflexive hardening) captures the stative or reflexive nature of this process. This passive sense focuses on the resulting condition of spiritual insensibility rather than the causative act. 2×
AR["تَقَسَّوْا","يَتَقَسَّى"]·ben["কঠিন-হয়","কঠিন-হলেন"]·DE["verhaerten","ἐσκληρύνοντο"]·EN["be-hardened","were-being-hardened"]·FR["endurci","endurcir"]·heb["הִתְקַשּׁוּ","יִתְקַשֶׁה"]·HI["कठोर-हो-गए","कठोर-हो-जाए"]·ID["dikeraskan","menjadi-keras"]·IT["indurire","sklērunthē"]·jav["kadadosaken-atos","katos"]·KO["강팩케-되지","굳어져"]·PT["se-endureciam","seja-endurecido"]·RU["ожесточались","ожесточился"]·ES["se-endurecían","sea-endurecido"]·SW["fanyiwe-ugumu","walishupaa"]·TR["katılaşıyorlardı","sertleşsin"]·urd["سخت-ہو-جائے","سخت-ہوتے-تھے"]
▼ 1 more sense below
Senses
1. harden, make obstinate (active) — To make hard or obstinate, used in the active voice for the deliberate act of hardening one's heart against God or his message. In Hebrews 3:8, 3:15, and 4:7, it appears in the subjunctive as a warning exhortation not to harden one's hearts, quoting Psalm 95. In Romans 9:18, God is the subject who hardens whom he wills, expressing divine sovereignty over the disposition of human hearts. The Hebrew equivalent is consistently qasheh (to be hard, obstinate). This active sense emphasizes the volitional or causative aspect of resistance to divine truth. 4×
AR["تُقَسِّوا","يُقَسِّي"]·ben["কঠিন-কর","তিনি-কঠিন-করেন"]·DE["verhaerten"]·EN["harden","he-hardens"]·FR["endurci","endurcir"]·heb["מַקְשֶׁה","תַּקְשׁוּ"]·HI["कठोर-करता-है","कठोर-करो"]·ID["Ia-keraskan","keraskan"]·IT["indurire","sklērunēte"]·jav["Panjenenganipun-ngatosaken.","atos-kaken"]·KO["강팩케-하지-말라","완악하게-하시니"]·PT["endurece.","endureçais"]·RU["ожесточает","ожесточите"]·ES["endurece","endurezcais"]·SW["anafanya-moyo-kuwa-mgumu","fanyie-ugumu"]·TR["katılaştırıyor","sertleştirmeyin"]·urd["سخت-کرتا-ہے۔","سخت-کرو"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
σκληρ-ύνω, harden, opposed to μαλάσσω, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, with perfect ἐσκλήρυσμαι Refs 5th c.BC+, to be hardened, grow hard, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, σ. τὴν καρδίαν τινός harden his heart, LXX+NT:—passive, LXX