Terror and Awe

† יָרֵא vb. fear (NH id.; Assyrian îrû, id.; Hpt KAT2 Gloss i., COTGloss)— Qal328 Pf. יר׳ Gn 19:30 + 14 times; 3 f. יָֽרְאָה Je 3:8 ψ 76:9; יָרֵ֑אָה Gn 18:15; pl. 2 m. יְרֵאתֶם Nu 12:8 + 2 times; + 23 times Pf.; Impf. יִירָא Am 3:8 + 3 times; וַיִּירָא Gn 28:17 + 5 times; וַיִּרָא Je 26:21 + 5 times; pl. יִירְאוּ (יִֽרְאוּ) 23:4 +; יִרָאוּן Dt 13:12, +, etc.; 136 times Impf.; Imv. יְרָא Pr 3:7 + 3 times; יְראוּ Jos 24:14 + 2 times; Inf. cstr. יְרֹא Jos 22:25; לֵרֹא 1 S 18:29 (Ges§ 69, R. i.); לְיִרְאָה Dt 4:10 + 13 times; sf. יִרְאָתוֹ 2 S 3:11; יִרְאָתָם Is 29:13; יְרָאתֶם Jos 4:24 (read יִרְאָתָם Bö§ 1081 a Ew337 b Di etc.); Pt. יָרֵא Gn 32:12 + 15 times; cstr. יְרֵא 22:12 + 10 times; pl. יְרֵאִים Je 42:11 + 6 times; cstr. יִרְאֵי Ex 18:21 + 12 times; f. cstr. יִרְאַת Pr 31:30;— 1. fear, be afraid (not in P): a. abs. Gn 3:10; 18:15; 32:8; 43:18 Ex 14:10 (J), Gn 20:8; 28:17; 42:35 Ex 2:14 Jos 10:2 (E), Dt 20:8; 31:8 Ju 7:3; 8:20 1 S 4:7; 17:11, 24; 23:3; 28:5; 31:4 = 1 Ch 10:4, 2 K 10:4 2 Ch 20:3 Ne 2:2; 6:13 Is 54:14 Je 3:8; 23:4; 26:21 Am 3:8 Jon 1:5, 10 ψ 27:3; 46:3; 49:6 (but Bae reads ראה) 56:4, 5, 12; 64:5, 10; 76:9; 112:8; 118:6 Pr 14:16 Jb 6:21; 11:15; (וּ, י)אַל־תִּירָא fear not Gn 15:1; 21:17; 35:17; 50:19, 21 Ex 20:20 Jos 10:25 (E), Gn 26:24; 43:23 Ex 14:13 Jos 8:1 (J), Dt 1:21; 20:3; 31:6 Ju 4:18; 6:23 1 S 4:20; 12:20; 22:23; 23:17; 28:13 2 S 9:7; 13:28 1 K 17:13 2 K 6:16 1 Ch 22:13; 28:20 2 Ch 20:17 Is 7:4; 35:4; 40:9; 41:10, 13, 14; 43:1, 5; 44:2; 54:4 Je 30:10; 46:27, 28 Jo 2:21, 22 Zp 3:16 Hg 2:5 Zc 8:13, 15 ψ 49:17 La 3:57 Dn 10:12, 19 Ru 3:11; יִשְׁמְעוּ וי׳ hear and fear Dt 13:12; 17:13; 19:20; 21:21; (י)ראו וי׳ see and fear ψ 40:4; 52:8 Is 41:5 Zc 9:5. †b. c. acc. rei or pers. Nu 14:9(×2) (J), 21:34 (E), Dt 3:2, 22 Ju 6:27 1 S 15:24 2 S 3:11 1 K 1:51 Is 8:12; 51:7; 57:11 Ez 3:9; 11:8 Hb 3:2 (acc. פעלךָ in corrected rhythm), ψ 23:4 Dn 1:10; acc. of God (י׳) 1 S 12:18 2 S 6:9 = 1 Ch 13:12 Is 57:11 Je 5:22 Jon 1:16 Jb 9:35; 37:24. c. with מִן be afraid of, Dt 1:29; 2:4; 7:18; 20:1; 28:10 Jos 10:8 (D) 1 S 28:20 2 K 25:24 Is 10:24; 51:12 Je 10:5; 42:11, 16 Ez 2:6(×3) Mi 7:17 ψ 3:7; 27:1; 65:9; 91:5; 112:7; 119:120 Pr 3:25; 31:21 Jb 5:21, 22 Ec 12:5; with מִפְּנֵי Dt 5:5; 7:19 Jos 9:24; 11:6 (D), 1 S 7:7; 18:29; 21:13 1 K 1:50 2 K 1:15; 19:6 (= Is 37:6) 25:26 2 Ch 20:15; 32:7 Ne 4:8 Je 1:8; 41:18; 42:11(×2); מִלִּפְנֵי 1 S 18:12, with בְּ because of, for Je 51:46. d. with inf. and לְ fear to do a thing Gn 19:30; 26:7 (J), Nu 12:8 (E), Ju 7:10 2 S 1:14; 10:19; 12:18; with infin. and מִן, afraid of doing Gn 46:3 Ex 3:6 (E), 1 S 3:15 Je 40:9 Jb 32:6. e. with פֶּן fear lest Gn 31:31 (E) 32:12 (J). 2. stand in awe of, with מן and inf. וַיִּירְאוּ מִגֶּשֶׁת אֵלָיו Ex 34:30 (P) and they stood in awe of drawing nigh unto him; יִירְאוּ מֵיהוה וגו׳ ψ 33:8 let all the earth stand in awe of Yahweh; וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלהֶיךָ and thou shalt stand in awe of thy God Lv 19:14, 32; 25:17, 36, 43 (all H); with מִפְּנֵי, of the king Solomon 1 K 3:28; מִפְּנֵי י׳ אלהים Ex 9:30 (J?); מפני י׳ Hg 1:12; (אלהים) י׳ מלפני stand in awe before (God) Ec 3:14; 8:12, 13. 3. fear, reverence, honour, e.g. parents Lv 19:3 (H), Moses and Joshua Jos 4:14(×2), the oath 1 S 14:26 Ec 9:2, commandment Pr 13:13, the sanctuary Lv 19:30; 26:2 (H), other gods Ju 6:10 2 K 17:7, 35, 37, 38; elsewhere of God: a. abs. Je 44:10. b. with acc. (ה)אלהים Gn 42:18 Ex 1:17, 21; 18:21 (E), Dt 25:18 ψ 55:20; 66:16 Jb 1:1, 8, 9; 2:3 Ec 5:6; 7:18; 8:12; 12:13 Ne 7:2; יר׳ יהוה Ex 14:31 (J), Jos 22:25 (P), 24:14 (E), 1 S 12:14, 24 1 K 18:3, 12 2 K 4:1; 17:25, 28, 32, 33, 34, 41 Is 50:10 Je 26:19 Ho 10:3 Jon 1:9 Mal 3:16(×2) ψ 15:4; 22:24; 25:12; 34:10; 112:1; 115:11, 13; 118:4; 128:1, 4; 135:20 Pr 3:7; 14:2; 24:21; 31:30; יר׳ י׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ (and other sfs.) Dt 6:2, 13, 24; 10:12, 20; 14:23; 17:19; 31:12, 13 Jos 4:24 (D), 2 K 17:39 Je 5:24; with sfs. referring to Yahweh or Elohim Dt 4:10; 5:26; 8:6; 13:5 1 K 8:40, 43 = 2 Ch 6:31, 33, 2 K 17:36 Is 25:3; 29:13 Je 10:7; 32:39 Mal 2:5; 3:5 Zp 3:7 ψ 22:26; 25:14; 31:20; 33:18; 34:8, 10; 60:6; 67:8; 72:5; 85:10; 103:11, 13, 17; 111:5; 119:63, 74, 79; 145:19; 147:11; הַיָּרֵא אֶת־דְּבַר י׳ Ex 9:20 he that feared the word of Yahweh (J); the name (of Yahweh) Dt 28:58 Is 59:19 Mal 3:20 ψ 61:6; 86:11; 102:16 Ne 1:11. Niph.45 Impf. 2 m. תִּוָּרֵא ψ 130:4; Pt. נוֹרָא Gn 28:17 + 33 times; f. נוֹרָאָה Is 21:1; pl. נוֹרָאוֹת 64:2 + 5 times; נוֹרָאֹת Dt 10:21; נֹרָאוֹת 2 S 7:23; sf. נוֹרְאוֹתֶיךָ ψ 145:6;— 1. be fearful, dreadful, e.g. wilderness Dt 1:19; 8:15, land Is 21:1, people 18:2, 7 Hb 1:7, ice (in sim.) כְּעֵין הַקֶּרַח הנ׳ Ez 1:22 (del. 𝔊 Co). 2. cause astonishment and awe: of Yahweh himself ψ 47:3; 68:36; 76:8; נוֹרָא תְהִלֹּת awe-inspiring in praises Ex 15:11 (song); עַל־אלוהּ נוֹרָא הוֹד awe-inspiring majesty (is) upon Eloah Jb 37:22; c. לְ, to kings of the earth ψ 76:13; c. על of hostile nations Zp 2:11; of י׳’s doings Ex 34:10 (J) ψ 66:3, 5; (ה)נוראות wonderful, glorious things, of Messianic king 45:5; of Yahweh himself Dt 10:21 2 S 7:23 = 1 Ch 17:21 Is 64:2 ψ 106:22; 145:6; נו׳ adverbially in ψ 65:6; 139:14 Ges§ 118. 5. b DaSynt. § 70(b); יוֹם י׳ הגדול והנורא the great and awful day of Yahweh Jo 3:4 Mal 3:23 cf. Jo 2:11. 3. inspire reverence, godly fear, and awe: a. as attribute of God, לְמַעַן תִּוָּרֵא that thou mightest be revered ψ 130:4; (ה)גָּדוֹל ו(ה)נוֹרָא (the) great and awful (God) Dt 7:21; 10:17 Ne 1:5; 4:8; 9:32 Dn 9:4; with עַל, above all gods ψ 96:4 = 1 Ch 16:25; above the angels round about him ψ 89:8. b. of the name of Yahweh Dt 28:58 ψ 99:3; 111:9 Mal 1:14. c. of sacred things: מלאךְ האלהים Ju 13:6; place of theophany Gn 28:17 (E). Piel.5 Pf. 3 m. sf. יֵֽרְאֻנִי 2 S 14:15; Inf. sf. לְיָֽרְאֵנִי Ne 6:19; לְיָֽרְאָם 2 Ch 32:18; Pt. pl. מְיָֽרְאִים Ne 6:9, 14 make afraid, terrify, with acc.

† עָרִיץ adj. awe-inspiring, terror-striking;—ע׳ of י׳, כְּגִבּוֹר עָרִיץ Je 20:11; pl. as subst. עָרִיצִים, in bad sense of formidable adversaries, personal, Je 15:21 (‖ רָעִים), Jb 6:23 (‖ צָר), and national, ψ 54:5 (‖ זָרִים), = עֲדַת ע׳ 86:14 (‖ זֵדִים), הֲמוֹן ע׳ Is 29:5 (‖ זָרָ֑יִךְ); especially of Chaldeans Is 13:11, cstr. עָרִיצֵי גוֹיִם most terrifying of the nations Ez 28:7 (‖ זָרִים) 30:11; 31:12 (‖ זָרִים), 32:12; so (prob.) sg. עָרִיץ Is 49:25 (read ע׳ also for צַדִּיק v 24, so Lo Ew Che Gr al.); without specif. ref. גּוֹרִם עָרִיצִים Is 25:3 awe-inspiring nations (Du Che take ע׳ as subst.), רוּחַ ע׳ v 4 (del. as gloss Di al.), זְמִיר ע׳ v 5 (del. verse as gloss Du Che); late, of wicked in gen., as ruthless רָאִיתִי רָשָׁע ע׳ ψ 37:35 I have seen a wicked man ruthless; as subst., Is 29:20 (‖ לֵץ), Jb 15:20 (‖ רשׁע), pl. 27:13 (‖ id.), Pr 11:16; read also עָרִיץִ(ים) Is 11:4 (for MT אֶרֶץ), so Che BrMP Du Gr al. (‖ רָשָׁע).

† [עָרַץ] vb. cause to tremble, tremble (in terror, or awe) (cf. Arabic عَرِصَ quiver, flicker; Syriac ܥܪܰܨ come upon suddenly or violently, PS s.v. passim; cf. Egyptian ʿu-ra-d̲au(t̥), they terrified (= ערצו) WMMAs. u. Eur. 76);— Qal Impf. 2 ms. תַּעֲרֹץ Dt 7:21 +; 2 fs. תַּעֲר֑וֹצִי Is 47:12; 1 s. אֶעֱרוֹץ Jb 31:34, etc.; Inf. cstr. עֲרֹץ Is 2:19 +; 1. cause to tremble (i.e. strike with awe) c. acc. הָאָרֶץ Is 2:19, 21 (subj. י׳; ins. prob. also v 10); הֶעָלֶה נִדָּף תַּע׳ Jb 13:25 wilt thou strike with awe the driven leaf? abs. cause trembling = inspire awe Is 47:12 (of Bab.), ψ 10:18. 2. intrans. tremble (D), Dt 1:29; Jos 1:9; w. מפני Dt 7:21; 20:3; 31:6; c. acc. Jb 31:34 because I stood in awe of the great multitude. Niph. Pt. אֵל נַעֲרָץ ψ 89:8 El, terrible in the company of the holy ones (‖ נוֹרָא). Hiph. 1. regard, or treat, with awe, as awful: 2 mpl. וְלֹא תַעֲרִ֑יצוּ Is 8:12 (acc. מוֹרָאוֹ); 3 mpl. יַעֲרִ֑יצוּ 29:23 acc. אֶת־אֱלֹהֵי יִשׂ׳. 2. inspire with awe (cf. Qal 2);—Pt. sf. הוּא מַעֲרִיצְכֶם Is 8:13 he shall be your awe-inspirer.

† מוֹרָא n.m. Dt 4:34 fear, מ׳ Mal 2:5 + 3 times; מֹרָא Dt 26:8; sfs. מוֹרָאִי Mal 1:6; מוֹרָאוֹ Is 8:12; מוֹרַאֲכֶם v 13 + 2 times; pl. מוֹרָאִים Dt 4:34;— 1. fear, terror, ‖ חַת Gn 9:2 (P); ‖ פַּחַד Dt 11:25. 2. reverence: אַיֵּה מוֹרָאִי where is the reverence due to me Mal 1:6. 3. object of reverence, especially God Is 8:12, 13 ψ 76:12; ‖ בְּרִית Mal 2:5. 4. awe-inspiring spectacle or deed (ה)מ׳ (ה)גּדול(ים) Dt 4:34; 26:8; 34:12 Je 32:21.

† I. [קוּץ] vb. feel a loathing, abhorrence, sickening dread (‖ √ of קוט; 𝔗 קוּץ id.; for connex. of meanings cf. Aramaic קְנַט loathe, ܩܢܰܛ fear);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. קָ֫צָה Nu 21:5; 1 s. קַ֫צְתִּי Gn 27:46; Impf. 3 ms. וַיָּ֫קָץ Nu 22:3; 1 K 11:25 (but v. infr.); 2 ms. juss. תָּקֹץ Pr 3:11; 1 s. וָאָקֻץ Lv 20:23; 3 mpl. וַיָּקֻצוּ Ex 1:12; Pt. קָץ Is 7:16;— 1. feel a loathing at, abhor, c. ב rei Nu 21:5 (JE), Gn 27:46 (P), Pr 3:11 (‖ מָאַס); c. ב pers. Lv 20:23 (H; subj. י׳); so 1 K 11:25, but Kit (after 𝔖, cf. 𝔊) proposes וַיָּ֫צֶק (√ צוק Hiph. distress). 2. feel a sickening dread, c. מִפְּנֵי pers. Ex 1:12 (J), Nu 22:3 (E), Is 7:16. Hiph. Impf. 1 pl. sf. נְקִיצֶנָּה Is 7:6 (sf. of Judah) let us cause her sickening dread, but weak, read נְצִיקֶנָּה (√ צוק) Thes Che Du Gr Marti.—Other Hiph. forms v. קִיץ" dir="rtl" >קיץ.

† [דְּחַל vb. fear (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH II. ] );—Pe. Pt. act. pl. דָּֽחְלִין Dn 5:19, c. מִן־קֳדָם of king, 6:27, id. of God; pass. דְּחִיל terrible 2:31, f. דְּחִילָה 7:7, 19. Pa. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וִידַחֲלִנַּנִי 4:2 the dream made me afraid.

φοβερός, ά, όν, (φόβος) fearful, whether active or passive: __I active, causing fear, terrible, χρηστήρια φ. Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; ὅμιλος πλήθει -ώτατος formidable only from numbers, Refs 5th c.BC+ things which are fearful to the multitude, Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, φ. ἰδεῖν, φ. προσιδέσθαι, fearful to behold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 regarded with fear, especially with respect to consequences, οὔτε ὅρκος φ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἵππος φ. μὴ ἀνήκεστόν τι ποιήσῃ a horse that makes one fear he will do some mischief, Refs 5th c.BC+terror, danger, Refs; τῶν φοβερῶν ὄντων τῇ πόλει γενέσθαι the things which were dreaded as like ly to happen.., Refs; φοβερόν [ἐστι] μὴ.. there is reason to dread that.., Refs; ἀγγέλλεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ φοβερώτατον to be fearfully exaggerated, Refs 1st c.BC+ __I.3 Rhet., of style, impressive, awe-inspiring, τὸ κάλλος τὸ Θουκυδίδου φ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __II passive, afraid, timid, ἐκτέταμαι φοβερὰν φρένα Refs 7th c.BC+; φ. τὴν ψυχήν Refs; σκοπεῖν εἰ φοβεροί (i.e. οἱ πῶλοι) Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 caused by fear, troubled, panic, ἀναχώρησις Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. φροντίδες anxious thoughts, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb -ρῶς threateningly, in a terrifying manner, LXX+5th c.BC+: comparative, -ώτερον φθέγγεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative, -ώτατα ἰδεῖν Refs __III.2 timidly, -ώτατα ἔχειν Refs

† אָיֹם adj. terrible, dreadful—terrible, of Chaldeans אָיֹם וְנוֹרָא הוּא Hb 1:7; of dignified woman, awe-inspiring אֲיֻמָּה כַּנִּדְגָלוֹת Ct 6:4, 10.

† שַׁעֲרוּרִיָּה, שַׁעֲרֻרִית n.f. id.;—abs. רָאִיתִי שַׁעֲרוּרִיָּה Ho 6:10 Qr (> Kt שׁערירית); שַׁעֲרֻרִת עָֽשְׂתָה בְּתוּלַת יִשׂ׳ Je 18:13.

† שַׁעֲרוּרָה n.f. horror = horrible thing;—שַׁמָּה וְשׁ׳ Je 5:30 an astounding and horrible thing has occurred; בִּנְבִיאֵי ירושׁ׳ רָאִיתִי שׁ׳ 23:14.