Sharpening Implements

† [בָּרַר] vb. purify, select (cf. Assyrian barâru, be shining, in deriv. ZimBP 46, 73 Belser BAS ii. 154; Arabic بِرٌّ pious, kind, true; بَرَّ he was pious, good, virtuous, honest)— Qal Pf. בָּרוֹתִי Ez 20:38; Inf. sf. לְבָרָם Ec 3:18, Ges§ 67 p; cf. לָבוּר 9:1 (si vera l.) as metaplastic form, but on text vid. בּוּר" dir="rtl" >בּוּר supra p. 101; Pt. pass. m. בָּרוּר Jb 33:3 + 4 times; f. בְּרוּרָה Ne 5:18 Zp 3:9;— 1. purge out, purify: וּבָרוֹתִי מִכֶּם הַמֹּרְדִים and I will purge out from among you the rebels Ez 20:38; שָׂפָה בְרוּרָה a purified lip Zp 3:9; בָּרוּר מִלֵּל֑וּ utter in a pure, sincere manner Jb 33:3. 2. choose, select, only Pt. and in Chronicler: chosen, valiant men 1 Ch 7:40; porters 1 Ch 9:22; musicians 1 Ch 16:41; sheep Ne 5:18. 3. cleanse, make shining, polish, pt. pass. חֵץ בָּרוּר polished arrow Is 49:2 (cf. De & Je 51:11 infr.) 4. test, prove Ec 3:18 לְבָרָם הָאֱלֹהִים that God may prove them (RV);—on 9:1 v. בּוּר" dir="rtl" >בּוּר. Niph. הִבָּרוּ Is 52:11; Pt. נָבָר 2 S 22:27 (= ψ 18:27);—purify oneself: a. ceremonially, the bearers of the sacred vessels Is 52:11. b. morally 2 S 22:27 = ψ 18:27. Pi. Inf. לְבָרֵר Dn 11:35 purify (‖ לִצְרוֹף, לַלְבֵּן). Hiph. 1. Inf. לְהָבַר Je 4:11 purify, cleanse. 2. Imv. הָבֵרוּ הַחִצִּים Je 51:11 polish arrows (vid. 3 above). Hithp. 1. Impf. יִתְבָּרֲרוּ Dn 12:10 purify oneself. 2. תִּתְכָּרַר ψ 18:27 = תִּתָּבָר 2 S 22:27 shew oneself pure, just, kind.

† תַּ֫עַר n.m. ψ 52:4 and (Is 7:20) f. razor, sheath;— 1. a. razor, abs. יְגַלַּח בְּת׳ Is 7:20 (fig.); subj. of לֹא יַעֲבֹר עַל־רֹאשׁ Nu 6:5, obj. of הֶעֱבִיר עַל־ 8:7 (P), cf. cstr. ת׳ הַגַּלָּבִים Ez 5:1; abs. כְּת׳ מְלֻטָּשׁ ψ 52:4 (sim. of tongue). b. cstr. ת׳ הַסֹּפֵר Je 36:23 = penknife. 2. sheath, always sf. of sword: בְּתַעְרָהּ 2 S 20:8; of drawing sword, שָׁלַף מִתּ׳ 1 S 17:51, הוֹצַיא מִתּ׳ Ez 21:8, 10, תֵּצֵא מִתּ׳ v 9; of sheathing, הֵאָֽסְפִי אֶל־תַּעְרֵךְ Je 47:6; הָשַׁב אֶל־תַּעְרָהּ Ez 21:35.

† I. חָרוּץ adj. sharp, diligent (on this and foll. v. BaNB 173)—חָרוּץ Is 28:27 + 11 times; pl. חֲרוּצִים Pr 10:4; 12:24; חֲרֻצִים Pr 13:4; חֲרֻצוֹת Am 1:3;— 1. sharp: of threshing instrument מוֹרָג ח׳ חָדָשׁ Is 41:15; without מ׳, as subst., 28:27 (where יוּדַשׁ); ח׳ הַבַּרְזֶל Am 1:3; Jb 41:22 (fig. of crocodile). 2. fig. diligent: as subst. Pr 21:5; opp. רְמִיָּה Pr 10:4; 12:24, 27; opp. עָצֵל Pr 13:4.—Dn 9:25 v. iv. חָרוּץ⁴" dir="rtl" >חרוץ.

† [שָׁנַן] vb. whet, sharpen (cf. Arabic سَنَّ id.; Aramaic שְׁנִינָא, ܫܢܺܝܢܳܐ sharp, etc.; Ethiopic [ሰነነ:] iii, 2, ተሰነነ: contend, litigate; hence שֵׁן tooth, NH id., Assyrian šinnu, Arabic سِنٌّ, Ethiopic ስን: Aramaic שִׁנָּא, ܫܶܢܳܐ );— Qal whet, sharpen: Pf. 1 s. אִם שַׁנּוֹתִ֫י בְּרַק חַרְבִּי (Ges§ 67 ee) Dt 32:41, of י׳’s preparation for judgment; 3 pl. (כַחֶרֶב) שָֽׁנְנוּ לְשׁוֹנָם ψ 64:4; 140:4 of uttering sharp words; Pt. pass. שְׁנוּנִים sharpened, of arrows, Is 5:28 ψ 45:6, fig. of tongue 120:4, of false witness Pr 25:18. Pi. Pf. consec. וְשִׁנַּנְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ Dt 6:7 i.e. teach the words incisively, Germ. ‘einschärfen.’ Hithpōʿ. Impf. 1 s. ψ 73:21 in my kidneys אֶשְׁתּוֹנָ֑ן I was pierced (of poignant envy).

ὀξύς, ύδος, ἡ, wood sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 ={ὀξύσχοινος}, great sea-rush, Juncus acutus, Refs __3 ={ὀξαλίς}, sorrel, Rumex acetosa, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† III. [אֵת] n.[m.] a cutting instrument of iron, usually transl. ploughshare—sg. sf. אֵתוֹ 1 S 13:20; pl. אֵתִים 1 S 13:21, אִתִּים Is 2:4 = Mi 4:3; sf. אִתֵּיכֶם Jo 4:10; according to Klo al. also 2 K 6:5 אֶת־הַבַּרְזֶל, i.e. the axe of iron.

† מֶלְקָחַ֫יִם [מַלְקָחַיִם] n.[m.]du. tongs, snuffers;— 1. tongs used at altar of temple, for lifting coal, in Is.’s vision, Is 6:6. 2. lamp-snuffers, in temple 1 K 7:49 = 2 Ch 4:21; in tabern. sf. (ref. to lamp-stand, מְנוֹרָה) מַלְקָחֶיהָ Ex 25:38; 37:23 Nu 4:9 (all P).

† [לָטַשׁ] vb. hammer, sharpen, whet (NH id., hammer, tap; Aramaic לְטַשׁ, ܠܛܰܫ sharpen; Arabic لَطَسَ strike, tap);— Qal Impf. יִלְטוֹשׁ Jb 16:9 ψ 7:13; Inf. cstr. לִלְטוֹשׁ 1 S 13:20; Pt. לֹטֵשׁ;— 1. hammer, only Pt. = hammerer, sq. כָּל־חֹרֵשׁ Gn 4:22 (J). 2. sharpen sword, חֶרֶב (acc.) ψ 7:13; cf. 1 S 13:20, obj. מַחֲרֶשֶׁת, אֵת, קַרְדֹּם, מַחֲרֵשָׁה; fig. ל׳ עֵינַיִם לִי Jb 16:9 my foe whets his eyes for me. Pu. Pt. תַּעַר מְלֻטָּשׁ ψ 52:4 a sharpened razor (in sim. of evil tongue).

† [מִזְלָגָה] n.[f.] id., only pl. הַמִּזְלָגֹת Ex 38:3 Nu 4:14; הַמִּזְלָגוֹת 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 4:16; sf. מִזְלְגֹתָיו Ex 27:3;—a sacrificial implement, belonging to altar in tabernacle, Ex 27:3; 38:3 Nu 4:14 (all P); belonging to temple 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 4:16.

† [מְזַמֶּרֶת] n.f. snuffers, as utensil of Sol.’s temple, only pl. abs. מְזַמְּרוֹת 2 K 12:14, הַמְזַמְּרוֹת 1 K 7:50 = 2 Ch 4:22, 2 K 25:14 = Je 52:18.

† II. [חַד] adj. sharp—only fs. חַדָּה, of חֶרֶב Ez 5:1; in fig. of tongue ψ 57:5; sim. of mouth Is 49:2; fig. of end of (i.e. final experience with) strange woman ח׳ כְּחֶרֶב פִּיּוֹת Pr 5:4 (‖ מָרָ֯ה כַלַּעֲנָה).—i. חַד v. sub אֶחָד.

† מְגֵרָה n.f. saw (NH id., perhaps from its harsh dragging sound)—מְגֵרָה 2 S 12:31 a + 2 times; pl. מְגֵרוֹת 1 Ch 20:3 (מַגְזְרוֹת 2 S 12:31 b)—saw, used in cutting stone מְגֹרָרוֹת בַּמְּגֵרָה 1 K 7:9; used in torture (or as tools for enforced labour) of captives 2 S 12:31 a 1 Ch 20:3a.

† [מַזִמֵרָה] n.f. pruning-knife, only pl. וְכָרַת הַזַּלְזַלִּים בַּמַּזְמֵרוֹת Is 18:5; לְמַזְמֵרוֹת Is 2:4 Mi 4:3 (both ‖ לְאִתִּים); וּמַזְמֵרֹתֵיכֶם Jo 4:10 (‖ אִתֵּיכֶם).

† II. מוֹרָה n.m. razor (√ dub.; WeSm p. 146 thinks = מַעֲרָה);—razor, always in phr. מ׳ לֹא יַעֲלֶה (עָלָה) עַל־רֹאשׁ Ju 13:5; 16:17 1 S 1:11.

† I. [חָדָה] vb. be or grow sharp;— Qal grow sharp, Impf. apoc. = juss. יָ֑חַד Pr 27:17a; Hiph. sharpen (fig.), Impf. apoc. יַ֫חַד Pr 27:17b; בַּרְזֶל בְּבַרְזֶל יָ֑חַד וְאִישׁ יַחַד פְּנֵי־רֵעֵהוּ let iron by means of iron grow sharp, and let a man sharpen the countenance (presence, bearing) of his friend;—so KiMichl. 126 a De Now KöLgb i, 373 f., cf. Str. (who however makes both forms Hiph.)

† מַזְלֵג n.m. appar. a sacrificial implement, three-pronged fork הַמּ׳ שְׁלשׁ הַשִּׁנַּיִם 1 S 2:13, cf. v 14 (v. DrSm. pp. 23, 291).

† מִזְרֶה n.[m.] pitch-fork, with six prongs (= مذراة) used in winnowing, cf. WetzstZPV 1891, xiv. 2; for winnowing provender זֹרֶה בָרַחַת וּבְמ׳ Is 30:24; fig. for winnowing, i.e. chastising the people וָאֶזְרֵם בְּמ׳ Je 15:7.

† [מַחֲרֵשָׁה, מַחֲרֶ֫שֶׁת] n.f. ploughshare—sg. sf. לִלְטוֹשׁ אִישׁ מַחֲרַשְׁתּוֹ v 20 to sharpen each man his ploughshare 1 S 13:20 (+ אֵתוֹ, קַרְדֻּמּוֹ) + מַחֲרֵשָׁתוֹ v 20, read prob. דָּרְבָּנוֹ his goad (so 𝔊 𝔖 We Dr, see v 21); pl. abs. מַחֲרֵשֹׁת v 21 (+ similar list; on text of both vv. see Dr).

Included with: τόμος, ὁ, slice, τ. ἐκ πτέρνης Refs; γαστρός, πλακοῦντος, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλάντων, πυοῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; τυροῦ, ἡνύστρου, Refs 4th c.BC+: generally, piece, κιθῶνος Refs 4th c.BC+; of wood, beam, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 piece of land, Refs __3 Geometry texts, τ. κυλίνδρου frustum of a cylinder, portion of right cylinder intercepted between two parallel oblique sections, Refs 3rd c.BC+ Con.Sph.Def.; τ. ἀπὸ ὀρθογωνίου κώνου τομᾶς ἀφαιρούμενος frustum of the section of a right-angled cone, i e. portion of a parabola cut off by two parallel double-ordinates, Refs __II roll of papyrus, LXX+3rd c.BC+; τ. συγκολλήσιμος Refs 1st c.AD+; τιμῆς ἀπὸ τόμου ἀγραφίου Refs 1st c.AD+; tome, volume, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [אָזֵן] n.[m.] coll. implements, tools (from sharpness? Aramaic אֲזֵנִין, ܙܝܢ weapons)אֲזֵנֶ֑ךָ׃ Dt 23:14 (Cdd. אזניך 𝔊 𝔙 אֵזֹר cf. Di).

† חָדַד vb. be sharp, keen (Aramaic חֲדַד; NH חִדֵּד sharpen; Arabic حَدَّ be sharp and sharpen; Assyrian uddudu, sharpen, DlPr 174; cf. I. חָדָה)— Qal Pf. וְחַדּ֫וּ מִזְּאֵבֵי עֶרֶב consec. Hb 1:8 are keener than evening wolves (of impetuous Chaldean horses). Hiph. הֵחֵד (Che Or Brd) or יַחֵד (Näg cf. Dr§ 123 a, R), ins. Is 44:12 after 𝔊 𝔖: the smith sharpeneth an axe. Hoph. Pf. 3 fs. הוּחַדָּה Ez 21:14, 15, 16 be sharpened (in all, subj. חֶרֶב). Hithpa. הִתְאַחֲדִי Ez 21:21.

† דָּרְבָן n.[m.] goad (NH id.), לְהַצִּיב הַדָּרְבָ֑ן 1 S 13:21 (on form cf. Ol§ 215 b. 3 al. Dr).

[דָּֽרְבֹנָה] n.[f.] goad, only abs. pl., in sim. דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים כַּדָּ֣רְבֹנוֹת Ec 12:11 (cf. De Koh 434).

† [חַדּוּד] adj. sharpened, sharp, pointed, only cstr., with superlat. sense = subst.: תַּחְתָּיו חַדּוּדֵי חָ֑רֶשׁ Jb 41:22 beneath him the sharpest of potsherds, of scales of crocodile, cf. Di VB.

† כֵּילַפּוֹת n.[f.] axe (loan-word (cf. Frä74) from Assyrian kalappatu v. DlHWB 333)—בְּכַשִּׁיל וְכ׳ יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן ψ 74:6 (‖ קַרְדֻּמּוֹת v 5).

† [מֶגְרָפָה] n.f. shovel (NH id.; Aramaic מַגְרוֹפִיתָא; Arabic مَجْرَفَةٌ (v. Lane)) only pl. מֶגְרְפֹתֵיהֶם Jo 1:17 (Thes clods, after Jewish interpreters, so AV RV, cf. however Me Joel 100 f.; 𝔊 Me ארותיהם their cribs, of cattle; meaning of clause dubious).

† מְחוּגָה n.f. circle-instrument, compass, used by carvers of idols וּבַמְּחוּגָה יְתָֽאֳרֵ֑הוּ Is 44:13.

† [מַחֲרֵשָׁה, מַחֲרֶ֫שֶׁת] n.f. ploughshare—sg. sf. לִלְטוֹשׁ אִישׁ מַחֲרַשְׁתּוֹ v 20 to sharpen each man his ploughshare 1 S 13:20 (+ אֵתוֹ, קַרְדֻּמּוֹ) + מַחֲרֵשָׁתוֹ v 20, read prob. דָּרְבָּנוֹ his goad (so 𝔊 𝔖 We Dr, see v 21); pl. abs. מַחֲרֵשֹׁת v 21 (+ similar list; on text of both vv. see Dr).

† מַעְדֵּר n.[m.] hoe Is 7:25, v. foregoing.

† מַשּׂוֹר n.m. saw;—abs. Is 10:15.

† קִלְּשׁוֹן doubtful word, in phrase וְלִשְׁלשׁ ק׳ 1 S 13:21 (poss. would be fine point, cf. Aramaic קלשׁ be thin, hence שׁ׳ ק׳ tridens, E.V. forks, but against anal., v. especially Dr).