Necessity and Obligation

δεῖ: subjunctive δέη, sometimes contraction δῆ (in codices of Comedy texts, as Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁπόσου κα δῆ Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive δεῖ; participle δέον (see. infr. IV): imperfect ἔδει, Ionic dialect ἔδεε: future δεήσει Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist I ἐδέησε Refs 5th c.BC+ —Impers. from δέω (A), there is need (the sense of moral obligation, properly belonging to χρή, is later, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I c.accusative person et infinitive, it is needful for one to do, one must, once in Refs 8th c.BC+ why need the Argives fight? Refs 8th c.BC+: with nominative of the pronoun, ἡγούμην.. δεῖν.. μεγαλοψυχότερος φαίνεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely with dative person, there is need of.. for.., θεοῖσι προσβαλεῖν χθονὶ ἄλλην δεήσει γαῖαν Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 with accusative of things et infinitive, δεῖ τι γενέσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐπεὶ δέ οἱ ἔδεε κακῶς γενέσθαι since it was fated for him.., since he was doomed.., Refs 5th c.BC+; for οἴομαι δεῖν, see at {οἴομαι}. __I.3 absolutely with infinitive understood, μὴ πεῖθ᾽ ἃ μὴ δεῖ (i.e. πείθειν) Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τι δέοι, ἤν τι δέῃ (i.e. γενέσθαι), Refs 5th c.BC+; κἂν δέῃ (i.e. τροχάζειν), τροχάζῶ Refs 6th c.BC+ __II with genitive of things, there is need of, frequently with negative, οὐδὲν ἂν δέοι πολλοῦ ἀργυρίου Refs 5th c.BC+; sometimes with infinitive added, μακροῦ λόγου δεῖ ταῦτ᾽ ἐπεξελθεῖν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.b frequently in phrases, πολλοῦ δεῖ there wants much, far from it, ὀλίγου δεῖ there wants little, all but; in full with infinitive, πολλοῦ δεῖ οὕτως ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦ πλεῦνος αἰεὶ ἔδεε there was always further to travel, Refs 5th c.BC+ absolutely, in same sense, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with dative person added, δεῖ μοί τινος Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 with accusative person added, αὐτὸν γάρ σε δεῖ προμηθέως Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 rarely with Subj. in nominative, δεῖ μοί τι something is needful to me, ἓν δεῖ μόνον μοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III middle, δεῖται there is need, with genitive, δεῖταί σοι τῆς αὐτῆς ἐρωτήσεως Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, ὥστε βραχἔ ἐμοὶ δεῖσθαι φράσαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV neuter participle δέον (δεῖν is uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, it being needful or fitting, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἀπήντα, δέον, he did not appear in court, though he ought to have done so, Refs 4th c.BC+: with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν δέον there being no need, Refs 5th c.BC+: future ὡς αὐτίκα δεῆσον διώκειν Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist δεῆσαν Refs 2nd c.BC+ with accusative infinitive, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV.2 substantive δέον, τό (see entry vocative).

ὀφείλ-ω, imperfect ὤφειλον; Epic dialect ὀφέλλω (also Aeolic dialect, Refs 4th c.BC+imperfect ὤφελλον or ὄφελλον, see infr. II. Refs 8th c.BC+: future ὀφειλήσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ὠφείλησα Refs 5th c.BC+ (ἐπ-): perfect ὠφείληκα: pluperfect -ήκεινRefs 4th c.BC+aorist 2 ὤφελον (see. below Refs:—passive, aorist participle ὀφειληθείς Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cretan dialect ὀφήλω Refs, written ὀπέλο Refs 4th c.AD+ ὀφέλλω (see. above) and ὀφήλω Refs 4th c.BC+: in early Attic dialect Inscrr. written both ὀφελ -IG 12.91.8Refs:—owe, have to pay or account for, τὸ καὶ μοιχάγρι᾽ ὀφέλλει Refs 8th c.BC+; ὅτι μοι.. ζωάγρι᾽ ὀφέλλειςRefs 8th c.BC+; τί ὀφείλω; what do I owe? Refs 5th c.BC+; ὀ. ἀργύριον, χρέα, Refs 5th c.BC+ to be debtor to another, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, to be in debt, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ὀφείλοντες debtors, Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to be due, ἔνθα χρεῖός μοι ὀφέλλεται (variant{ὀφείλεται}) Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ ὀφειλόμενον a debt,Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, ὀ. μέλος τινί Refs 5th c.BC+; ὀ. χάριν, see at {χάρις} Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ὀφείλεταί τινι ἐκ θεῶν κλέος Refs 5th c.BC+; τοὐφειλόμενον πράσσουσα Δίκη what is due, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 as a legal term, to be bound to render, εὐθύνας ὤφειλον Refs 5th c.BC+, incur a penalty, ζημίαν Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 in passive, of persons, to be due or liable to, θανάτῳ πάντες ὀφειλόμεθα LXX+4th c.BC+our help is due, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II with infinitive, to be bound, to be obliged to do, ὀφέλλετε ταῦτα πένεσθαι ye are bound, ye ought to.., Refs 8th c.BC+; and of things, ought to be, ὁ λόγος οὐκ ἀκριβῶς ὀ. λέγεσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, δράσαντι γάρ τοι καὶ παθεῖν ὀφείλεται Refs 4th c.BC+; σοὶ τοῦτ᾽ ὀφείλεται παθεῖν it is thy destiny to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 in this signification Epic dialect imperfect ὤφελλον or ὄφελλον and aorist ὤφελον or ὄφελον are used of that which one has not, but ought to have, done (ought being the pret. of owe), ὤφελεν ἀθανάτοισιν εὔχεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 these tenses are also used, followed by present or aorist infinitive, in wishes that something were or had been in present or past, ἀνδρὸς.. ὤφελλον ἀμείνονος εἶναι ἄκοιτις I ought to be.., would that I were.. ! Refs 8th c.BC+; τὴν ὄφελ᾽ ἐν νήεσσι κατακτάμεν Ἄρτεμις would that Artemis had slain her !, Refs 8th c.BC+ O that thou hadst!, Refs 8th c.BC+ O that I had.. !,Refs 8th c.BC+; ὡς ὄφελεν.. Refs 8th c.BC+.. would thou hadst never.. !, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὤφελες.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὤφελε.. Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴθ᾽ ὤφελ᾽.. Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ὤφελες.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς μήποτ᾽ ὤφελον.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄφελε.. Refs 5th c.BC+; μήποτ᾽ ὄφελον.. Refs 5th c.BC+ is used in late Epic dialect, ὡς μὴ ὤφειλες ἱκέσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3.b with indicative, ὤφελε μηδ᾽ ἐγένοντο θοαὶ νέες Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3.c ὄφελον (adverb accusative to Refs 2nd c.AD+ in this signification: with accusative et infinitive, ὤμοι ἐγών, ὄφελόν με.. ὀλέσθαι NT+1st c.AD+; ὤφελον (sic) εἰ ἐδυνάμεθα πέτασθαι Refs 2nd c.AD+infinitive, ὄφελομ μὲν ἡ θεὸς.. στερῆσαι.. Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III impersonal ὀφείλει, it behoves, with accusative et infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄφελλέ με μήτε.. εἰσοράαν κτλ. Refs 3rd c.BC+participle, absolutely, αἱ ὀφείλουσαι ἱερουργίαι τῶν θεῶν the due services of the gods, Refs 2nd c.AD+; κατὰ τὸν ὀφείλοντα καιρόν Refs 2nd c.AD+. (ὦφλον, ὤφληκα, aorist and perfect of ὀφλισκάνω, were probably originally aorist and perfect of ὀφείλω: ὄφελον in signf. II. Refs may be originally neuter participle of ὤφελε (signification Refs

προσοφείλω, owe besides or still, ἔτι πολλά Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: absolutely, προσοφείλοντας ἡμᾶς ἐνέγραψεν Refs 4th c.BC+:— passive, to be still owing, ὁ προσοφειλόμενος μισθός Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἔχθρη ἡ προσοφειλομένη ἐς Ἀθηναίους ἐκ τῶν Αἰγινητέων the hatred which was still due from the Aeginetans to the Athenians, i.e. their ancient feud, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II to be behindhand, Refs 2nd c.BC+

χρή, impersonal, Refs 8th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect χρῆ Refs 7th c.BC+; other forms are contractions (crases) of χρή (probably originally a neuter substantive) with forms of εἰμί (sum): future χρἤσται Refs 5th c.BC+: subjunctive χρῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive χρῆναι Refs 5th c.BC+; also χρῆν (see. below 111); participle neuter plural χρηεόντα (or χρὴ ἐόντα) Refs 3rd c.AD+: imperfect ἐχρῆν Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently also without the augment, χρῆν Refs 5th c.BC+; both forms in Refs 5th c.BC+: future χρήδει Refs 5th c.BC+: —it is necessary: with infinitive praes. aut aorist, it must needs, one must or ought to do (like δεῖ, which is only once used in Refs 8th c.BC+; ὅτι χ. πάσχειν ἐθέλωRefs 5th c.BC+: more frequently with accusative person et infinitive, one must, ἐμὲ δὲ χ. γήραϊ πείθεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐδέ τί σε χ. νηλεὲς ἦτορ ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+—Sts. the infinitive must be supplied from the context, especially in Refs 8th c.BC+ (i.e. ἀποπαύεσθαι) Refs 8th c.BC+; ὅθι χ. πεζὸν ἐόντα (i.e. μάρνασθαι) Refs 8th c.BC+; so in Trag. and Attic dialect, πορθεῖν ἃ μὴ χ. (i.e. πορθεῖν) Refs 4th c.BC+; φύς τ᾽ ἀφ᾽ ὧν οὐ χρῆν (i.e. φῦναι), ξὺν οἷς τ᾽ οὐ χρῆν (i.e. ὁμιλεῖν) ὁμιλῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔκανες ὃν οὐ χρῆν (i.e. κτεῖναι) Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐπιπλεύσειέ τις ὡς χ. (i.e. ἐπιπλεῦσαι) Refs 5th c.BC+; θύσαντες οἷς χ. (i.e. θῦσαι) Refs 5th c.BC+ —The imperfect frequently expresses something that ought to have been, but is not, ἐνθάδ᾽ οὐ παραστατεῖ, ὡς χρῆν, ὈρέστηςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 in Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive, with accusative person et genitive of things, οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ ἀφρποσύνης thou hast no need of imprudence, i. e. it does not befit thee, Refs 8th c.BC+; μυθήσεαι ὅττεό (i.e. ὅτου) σε χ. Refs is found in most codices of Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 with dative person pro accusative is not found; in Refs 8th c.BC+, the dative belongs to the infinitive μέλει; in Refs 5th c.BC+ Dobree restored με for γ; in Refs 5th c.BC+ depends on μετεῖνα; in Refs 5th c.BC+ __II sometimes in a less strong sense, πῶς τοῦτο περᾶσαι χρ; how is one to get through this? Refs 3rd c.BC+; τί ἐχρῆν με ποιεῖ; what was I to do? Refs 4th c.BC+; ἓν οὐδὲν κατέστη ἴαμα ὅτι χρῆν προσφερόντας ὠφελεῖν there was no one remedy by the application of which one could (or was bound to) help them, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III τὸ χρῆν (infinitive) fate, destiny, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ χρή Refs; conjecture for τὸ χρεών (monosyllable) in Refs