Light and Illumination

אוֹר121 אוֹר121 f. Jb 36:32; Je 13:16; cf. Gn 1:3 light (Assyrian urru = ûru DlW)—abs. Gn 1:3 +; cstr. Ju 16:2 +; sf. אוֹרִי ψ 27:1, etc.; pl. אוֹרִים ψ 136:7;— 1. light as diffused in nature, light of day Gn 1:3, 4, 5 (P) Jb 3:9; 38:19 +. 2. morning light, dawn, אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר light of the morn. Ju 16:2 1 S 14:36; 25:34, 36 2 S 17:22 2 K 7:9 Mi 2:1; א׳ בֹּקֶר 2 S 23:4 (poem of David); עַד־הָא׳ Ju 19:26 (cf. עַד־הַבֹּקֶר v 25); לָאוֹר Jb 24:14; מִן־הָאוֹר עַד מַחֲצִית הַיּוֹם from dawn till mid-day, Ne 8:3 cf. Pr 4:18. 3. light of the heavenly luminaries; א׳ הַלְּבָנָה, ‖ א׳ הַחַמָּה moonlight & sunlight Is 30:26; כּוֹכְבֵי אוֹר stars of light ψ 148:3; מְאוֹרֵי אוֹר luminaries of light Ez 32:8; אוֹרִים = מְאוֹרִים ψ 136:7; so עֲלֵי־אוֹר in sunshine Is 18:4; the sun itself Jb 31:26. 4. daylight אוֹר רְשָׁעִים light of the wicked Jb 38:15 (their work-day being the night); יוֹם אוֹר a day of light Am 8:9 (= a clear, sunshiny day). 5. lightning Jb 36:32; 37:3, 11, 15 cf. Hb 3:11. 6. light of lamp Pr 13:9 Je 25:10; of crocodile’s hot breath Jb 41:10. 7. light of life א׳ חַיִּים Jb 33:30 ψ 56:14; cf. אוֹר²" dir="rtl" >אוֹר Jb 3:16, 20. 8. light of prosperity Jb 22:28; 30:26 ψ 97:11 La 3:2. 9. light of instruction נֵר מִצְוָה וְתוֹרָה אוֹר Pr 6:23 the commandment is a lamp and instruction a light; so the Messian. servant is אוֹר גּוֹיִם Is 42:6; 49:6; cf. א׳ עַמִּים Is 51:4; the advent of Mess. is shining of great light Is 9:1(×2). 10. light of face אוֹר פָּנִים = bright, cheerful face (of men) Jb 29:24; betokening king’s favour Pr 16:15 (cf. א׳ עֵינַיִם ψ 38:11); of God = his shining, enlightening, favouring face ψ 4:7; 44:4; 89:16. 11. Yahweh is א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 10:17, as source of enlightenment & prosperity; light & salvation ψ 27:1; light to guide Mi 7:8 cf. ψ 43:3; everlasting light of Zion, instead of sun & moon Is 60:19, 20; house of Jacob is to walk in his light Is 2:5.

φῶς, contraction for φάος, light (which see). φῴς, ἡ, plural φῷδες, contraction from φωΐς (which see).

[אוֹר43] vb. be or become light (cf. Arabic أَوَّرَ enkindle, Aramaic (Nasar.) ܐܘܪ Aph. illumine, & deriv. in Assyrian)— Qal Pf. אוֹר Gn 44:3 +; אֹ֫רוּ 1 S 14:29; Impf. 3 fpl. וַתָּאֹרְנָה 1 S 14:27 Qr; Pt. אוֹר Pr 4:18 (Ges§ 72 R. 1); Imv. fs. א֫וֹרִי Is 60:1;—become light, shine of sun (especially in early morn.) Gn 44:3 (J) 1 S 29:10 Pr 4:18 Is 60:1; of eyes (owing to refreshment) 1 S 14:27(Qr) 29. Niph. Impf. וַיֵּאֹר 2 S 2:32; Inf. c. לֵאוֹר Jb 33:30; Pt. נָאוֹר ψ 76:5—become lighted up of day-break 2 S 2:32; by light of life, revival Jb 33:30; by light of glory, enveloped in light ψ 76:5. Hiph. Pf. וְהֵאִיר Ex 25:37, etc.; Impf. יָאִיר Jb 41:24 +; יָאֵר Nu 6:25 +; וַיָּ֫אֶר ψ 118:27 +, etc.; Imv. הָאֵר ψ 80:20 +, הָאִ֫ירָה ψ 31:17 +; Inf. הָאִיר Gn 1:15 +; Pt. מֵאִיר Pr 29:13; מְאִירַת ψ 19:9; מְאִירוֹת Is 27:11— 1. give light, of sun, moon & stars Gn 1:15, 17 (P), of moon Is 60:19; of pillar of fire (sq. ל) Ex 13:21; 14:20 (both JE) ψ 105:39 Ne 9:12, 19; of sacred lamp Ex 25:37 Nu 8:2 (both P); fig. of the words of God ψ 119:130. 2. lightup, cause to shine, shine, sq. acc. הֵאִירוּ בְרָקִים תֵּבֵל lightnings lighted up the world ψ 77:19; 97:4; abs. הָאָרֶץ הֵאִירָה מִכְּבֹדוֹ Ez 43:2; the earth shined with his glory (of theophany); of leviathan, which makes path shine behind him Jb 41:24; לַיְלָה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר night shineth as day ψ 139:12. 3. light a lamp ψ 18:29; wood Is 27:11; altar(-fire) Mal 1:10. 4. lighten, of the eyes, הָאִיר עֵינַיִם, subj. י׳, his law, etc. Pr 29:13 ψ 13:4; 19:9 Ezr 9:8. 5. make shine, of face of God יָאֵר י׳ פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ Yahweh make his face shine upon thee Nu 6:25 (priest’s blessing), reappearing ψ 31:17 (sq. עַל־), 67:2 (sq. אֶת־), 80:4, 8, 20; 119:135 (sq. ב), Dn 9:17 cf. ψ 4:7; without פָּנִים (sq. ל) ψ 118:27; once, of face of man, Ec 8:1 חָכַמַת אָדָם תָּאִיר פָּנָיו the wisdom of a man lighteth up his face.

† מָאוֹר n.m. luminary—abs. Gn 1:16 +; cstr. מְאוֹר Pr 15:30 +; pl. מְאוֹרֹת Gn 1:15; מְאֹרֹת v 14, 16; cstr. מְאוֹרֵי Ez 32:8—light, light-bearer, luminary, lamp, of sun & moon Gn 1:14, 15, 16(×3) (P) Ez 32:8; moon ψ 74:16; מְנֹרַת הַמָּאוֹר the lamp-stand of the luminary or light (where הַמּ׳ is sum of seven sacred lamps on golden lamp-stand) Ex 35:14(×2), 28; 39:37 Nu 4:9, 16, cf. Ex 25:6; 27:20; 35:8 Lv 24:2 (all P); מְאוֹר־עֵינַיִם יְשַׂמַּח־לֵב֑ Pr 15:30 the luminary of the eyes (= the eyes as a lamp) gives the light of joy to the heart; מְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ ψ 90:8 the luminary of thy face (thy face as a lamp) in the light of which the secrets are exposed.

φωτεινός, ή, όν, (φῶς) shining, bright, ἥλιος Refs 5th c.BC+; σκοτεινὰ καὶ φ. [σώματαLXX+1st c.AD+ __II metaphorically, clear, distinct, λόγος Refs 1st c.AD+; also in moral sense, NT+5th c.AD+

† I. אוּר n.m. flame. לְכוּ בְאוּר אֶשְׁכֶם walk in the flame of your fire Is 50:11, & so fire itself, whose light & flame were seen 44:16; 47:14—exile Is. + 31:9 & Ez 5:2 (Co אשׁ).

φέγγος, εος, τό, light, splendour, lustre, τῆλε δὲ φ. ἀπὸ χροὸς ἀθανάτοιο λάμπε θεᾶς LXX+4th c.BC+; φ. ἀστραπῆς ὅπλωνLXX: frequently like{φάος}, of daylight, either absolutely or with some word added, φ. ἡλίου Refs 5th c.BC+; without the Article, φ. εἰσορᾶν θεοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; ὦ φέγγοςRefs 5th c.BC+ __b moonlight, Refs 5th c.BC+; νυκτερινὰ φέγγη, opposed to ἡμερινὸν φῶς, Refs 5th c.BC+ see at {φέγγο; τὸ φ. [τοῦ γάλακτος}], of the milky way, Refs 4th c.BC+ __c of men, φ. ἰδεῖν, προσιδεῖν, to see the light, come into the world, ἐπεὶ πάμπρωτον εἶδον φ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __d day, τριταῖον ἤδη φ. Refs 5th c.BC+; μοιρίδιον φ. ={μ. ἦμαρ}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 the light of torches or fire, φ. λαμπάδων Refs 4th c.BC+; πυρόςRefs: a light, torch, Refs 5th c.BC+; plural φέγγη torches or watch-fires, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 the light of the eyes, φ. ὀμμάτων Refs 5th c.BC+; τυφλὸν φ, i.e. blindness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II light, as a metaphorically for delight, glory, pride, joy, Refs 5th c.BC+; of persons, Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. ὀπώρας, of wine, Refs __II.2 lustre, δικαιοσύνης καὶ σωφροσύνης LXX+5th c.BC+

† I. אוֹרָה n.f. light (late, Mish. id., cf. Aramaic אוּרְתָּא evening-light, moon-light, star-light, etc.) 1. light (opp. חֲשֵׁיכָה) ψ 139:12. 2. light of joy & happiness Es 8:16; pl. intens. אוֹרוֹת light of life Is 26:19 (light that quickens dead bodies as dew the plants Ew Hi De Che Di RVm; vid. BrMP 303 cf. אוֹר חַיִּים; but Ki Ges MV Bö RV transl. herbs).

περιαστράπτω, flash around, φῶς π. τινά NT+4th c.AD+ __2 dazzle, ὁ ἀνὴρ περιαστράπτεται ὑπὸ κάλλους is dazzled with beauty, Refs 2nd c.AD+

περι-λάμπω, shine around or brightly, Refs:—middle, περιλαμπομένας φύσεις ὑπερβάλλειν λαμπρότητι Refs 1st c.BC+ __II c.accusative, light up, πολεμίῳ πυρὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα π. Refs 4th c.BC+; illuminate, τὰ κεκρυμμένα τῶν ἀδικημάτων ταῖς ἀκτῖσι Refs 1st c.AD+; shine around, NT+1st c.AD+:—passive, to be illumined, φωτί, ὑπὸ τῆς φλογός, Refs 1st c.AD+

φωστήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, that which gives light, οἱ φ. the lights of heaven, stars, LXX+4th c.BC+; οἱ δύο φ., i.e. sun and moon, NT+5th c.AD+ __2 splendour, radiance, ὁ φ. αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ NT __3 metaphorically, of a king, τῷ φ. τῷ ἡμετέρῳ Refs 4th c.AD+ __4 of the eyes, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II opening for light, door or window, Refs 5th c.AD+

φωτ-ισμός, ὁ, illumination, light, Diocl(?).cited in Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 metaphorically, light, Κύριος φ. μου LXX+NT

† נַהִירוּ (K§§ 16. 5; 61. 4) n.f. illumination, insight (Syriac id.);—abs. Dn 5:11, 14 (both + שָׂבְלְתָנוּ, חָכְמָה).

ἀπρόσ-ῐτος, ον, unapproachable, inaccessible, ὄρηNT+2nd c.BC+; of persons, Refs 1st c.BC+. adverb -τωςRefs 1st c.AD+

φωσφόρ-ος (paroxytone), ον, poetry φαοσφόρος Lyric poetry Adesp. in Refs, φαεσφόρος Refs 3rd c.BC+:— bringing or giving light, Ἕως Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. ἀστήρ, of Dionysus at the mysteries, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἴγλη, Ἦμαρ, Refs 5th c.AD+ __b substantive, ὁ φ. (i.e. ἀστήρ), the light-bringer, i.e. the morning-star, a name specially given to the planet Venus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of the eye, φ. ὄμματα Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. κόραι, of the Cyclops, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b name of an eye-salve, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II torch-bearing, epithet of certain deities, especially of Hecate, Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. θεά (i.e. Ἄρτεμις) Refs 5th c.BC+; of Hephaestus, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III φωσφόρος, ἡ, torch-bearer, title of a priestess, Κλεοπάτρας θεᾶς Refs 2nd c.BC+

† II. אוּר n.pr.m. (flame) father of one of David’s heroes 1 Ch 11:35 (iii. אוּר n.pr.loc. v. infr.)—iii. אוּר in אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים. Ur of the Chaldees Gn 11:28, 31; 15:7 Ne 9:7.

† [חֲתֻלָּה] n.f. swaddling-band (v. BaNB 146)—only בְּשׂוּמִי עָנָן לְבֻשׁוֹ וַעֲרָפֶל חֲתֻלָּתוֹ Jb 38:9 when I made cloud its garment, and thick darkness its swaddling-band, fig. of dark clouds enveloping the sea.

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† [נְהִיר, נְהוֹר] n.m. light (𝔗 נְהוֹרָא, Syriac ܢܽܘܗܪܳܐ; v. BH II. נהר);—emph. נהירא Kt, נְהוֹרָא Qr (cf. 𝔗 Syriac; NöLCB 1896, 703) Dn 2:22.

† נְהָרָה n.f. light, daylight (as Aramaic נְהוֹרָא, ܢܽܘܗܪܳܐ m.);—וְאַל־תּוֹפַע עָלָיו נ׳ Jb 3:4 (opp. חֹשֶׁךְ).

† [עֲטִין] n.[m.] prob. pail, bucket (NH מַעֲטָן vessel for olives);—עֲטִינָיו טָֽלְאוּ חָלָב Jb 21:24 his pails are full of milk.