Lamentation and Mourning

אָ֫וֶן85 n.m. Jb 5:6 trouble, sorrow, wickedness—abs. Nu 23:21 +; sf. אוֹנִי Gn 35:18 etc.; pl. אוֹנִים Ho 9:4— 1. trouble, sorrow בֶּן־אוֹנִי son of my trouble or sorrow Gn 35:18 (E); לֹא הִבִּיט אָוֶן בְּיַעֲקֹב Nu 23:21 (song of Balaam), he doth not behold trouble in Jacob (‖ he doth not see mischief— עָמָל—in Isr.); often ‖ עָמָל, ψ 7:15 (הִנֵּה יְחַבֶּל־אָוֶן lo he travaileth with trouble ‖ וְהָרָה עָמָל וְיָלַד שָׁ֑קֶר, yea he hath conceived misery & brought forth a lie), prob. thence Jb 15:35 (הָרֹה עָמָל וְיָלֹד אָוֶן) = Is 59:4; cf. עָמָל וָאָוֶן ψ 10:7; 55:11; 90:10; Jb 4:8; 5:6 Is 10:1 (v. עָמָל); also זוֹרֵעַ עַוְלָה יִקְצָר־אָוֶן Pr 22:8 the sower of iniquity shall reap trouble; in this sense elsewhere only Dt 26:14 Pr 12:21 Je 4:15 Hb 3:7 Am 5:5, pl. intens. לֶחֶם אוֹנִים bread of trouble, sorrow, or mourning Ho 9:4. 2. idolatry Ho 12:12; אָוֶן וּתְרָפִים הַפְצַ֑ר stubbornness is idolatry & (the use of) teraphim 1 S 15:23 (poet. source); בֵּית אָוֶן Ho 4:15 (for בֵּית אֵל because Bethel, house of God, is given over to idolatry) so also 5:8; 10:5 cf. בָּמוֹת א׳ Ho 10:8; בִּקְעַת א׳ Am 1:5 (Baalbek); בַּחוּרֵי א׳ read אוֹן, אֹן = On, Heliopolis Ez 30:17;—abstr. for concr. = idols Is 41:29; 66:3. 3. trouble of iniquity, wickedness, מְתֵי אָוֶן Jb 22:15; אַנְשֵׁי א׳ 34:36 = men of trouble, troublers, wicked men; cf. אִישׁ" dir="rtl" >אִישׁ א׳ Pr 6:12; Is 55:7; פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן workers of trouble, evil-doers, workers of iniquity Jb 31:3; 34:8, 22 ψ 5:6 + (16 times chiefly late ψ) Pr 10:29; 21:15 Is 31:2 Ho 6:8; מַחְשְׁבוֹת אָוֶן thoughts of trouble, wicked imaginations Pr 6:18 Is 59:7 Je 4:14; often of words & thoughts Jb 11:11 + (5 times) ψ 36:5 + (9 times) Pr 17:4; 19:28; 30:20 Is 29:20; 32:6; 58:9; 59:6 Ez 11:2 Mi 2:1 Hb 1:3 Zc 10:2; לֹא אוּכַל אָוֶן וַעֲצָרָה Is 1:13 I cannot bear iniquity with the solemn meeting (RV & most mod.; AV it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting).

† [סָפַד] vb. wail, lament (NH id.; 𝔗 סְפַד, ChrPal Aramaic ܣܦܕ id., SchwallyIdiot. 64; Assyrian [sapâdu], sipdu, sipittu, mourning DlHWB 507; cf. Amhar. ሰደፌ dirge PräZMGxxxv(1881), 762);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. וְסָֽפְדָה consec. Zc 12:12, 3 pl. וְסָֽפְדוּ consec. 1 K 14:13 Zc 12:10; Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּסְפֹּד 2 S 11:26, 2 ms. תִּסְפֹּד Ez 24:16, 1 s. cohort. אֶסְפְּדָה Mi 1:8, 3 mpl. יִסְפְּדוּ Je 6:16 +, etc.; Imv. mpl. סִפְדוּ 2 S 3:31 + 2 times; fpl. סְפֹּ֫דְנָה Je 49:3; Inf. abs. סָפוֹד Zc 7:5; cstr. סְפוֹד Ec 3:4, לִסְפֹּד Gn 23:2 1 K 13:29, לִסְפּוֹד Je 16:5; Pt. act. pl. סֹפְדִים Is 32:12, סוֹ׳ Ec 12:5;—wail, lament (with loud cries, etc., v. Mi 1:8, and cf. Dr Am 5:16), especially for dead, c. לְ, 1 S 25:1; 28:3 1 K 14:13, 18 Gn 23:2 (P) Je 16:6; 22:18(×2); 34:5, cf. וְאַל־תֵּלֵךְ לִסְפּוֹד וְאַל־תָּנֹד לָהֶם 16:5; c. עַל־ over 2 S 1:12; 11:26; 1 K 13:30, cf. Zc 12:10 (see v 12 infr.); c. לִפְנֵי i.e. marching before (bier) 2 S 3:31 (v. Dr); c. acc. cogn. Gn 50:10 (J); abs. 1 K 13:29 Ez 24:16 cf. v 23 Ec 3:4 (opp. רקד; cf. ψ 30:12), and pt. as subst. Ec 12:5 wailers; also, with idea of guilt on part of those wailing, Zc 12:12 (cf. v 10 supr.); over calamity, judgment, c. עַל־ Mi 1:8, abs. Je 4:8 (both + הֵילִיל), 49:3 and (with fasting) Zc 7:5 Jo 1:13.—עַל־שָׁדַיִם סֹפְדִים עַל־שְׂדֵי־חֶמֶד וגו׳ Is 32:12 is dub.; Thes Ew De Che al. upon the breasts smiting (?) for the fields, etc., but read prob. שָׂדִים (־וֹת, יִם—ַ) GesComm. (q.v.) Buhl Lex 13 Skinner al.: over the fields wailing, over the delightful fields, etc. Niph. Impf. 3 mpl. לֹא יִסָּֽפְדוּ Je 16:4 they shall not be bewailed, so 25:33.

† אֵ֫בֶל n.m. Gn 50:11 mourning—abs. Gn 50:10 + 17 times; cstr. 27:41 + 3 times; אֶבְלֵךְ Is 60:20; אֶבְלָם Je 31:13—for dead, cstr. Gn 27:41 Dt 34:8 (‖ בּכי) so א׳ יָחִיד sim. for grievous mourning Am 8:10, id. metaph. Je 6:26 (‖ מִסְפַּד תַּמְרוּרִים); Gn 50:11(×2) Je 16:7 cf. 2 S 19:3 עשה א׳ Ez 24:17 (v. Co) sq. לְ Gn 50:10 (v. also ii. אָבֵל ad fin.); for calamity, Est 4:3; 9:22 (‖ יָגוֹן; contr. יוֹם טוֹב) Jb 30:31 (‖ קול בכים) Is 60:20; 61:3 (where appar. = mourning garb, sq. מַעֲטֵה תְהִלָּה, v. also Bi Che on text; ‖ רוּחַ כֵּהָה; contr. שֶׁמֶן שָׂשׂוֹן); Je 31:13 (‖ שׂשׂון), La 5:15 (‖ מָחוֹל), Am 5:16 (‖ מִסְפֵּד); cf. א׳ כִּבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה Mi 1:8; = time, period of mourning 2 S 11:27; בֵּית א׳ Ec 7:2 (‖ בּ׳ מִשְׁתֶּה, v 4 (‖ בּ׳ שִׂמְחָה); בִּגְדֵי א׳ garments of mourning 2 S 14:2.

† II. קִינָה n.f. elegy, dirge;—abs. ק׳ 2 S 1:17 +; pl. קִינִים Ez 2:10 (but read קינה Co—not Berthol Toy Krae), קִינוֹת 2 Ch 35:25; sf. קִינוֹתֵיהֶם v 25;—elegy, dirge 2 S 1:17; Ez 19:14(×2); 32:16, pl. 2 Ch 35:25; sg. ‖ אֵבֶל Am 8:10, ‖ הֶגֶה וָהִי Ez 2:10, נשׂא ק׳ Je 7:29, c. עַל for, Am 5:1; Je 9:9; Ez 26:17; 27:2; 28:12; 32:2; c. אֶל Ez 19:1; 27:32; למּד ק׳ Je 9:19 (‖ נֶהִי); pl. as collection of written dirges 2 Ch 35:25.—BuZAW ii (1882), 1 ff., cf. iii (1883), 299 ff. thinks Kina rhythm always 3 + 2 tone-beats, but look La (Heb. קִינוֹת) is in all parts pentam., 3 + 2 varying sometimes with 2 + 3, yet always 5 in line, with caesura; of other קִינוֹת, Am 5:2; Ez 19:2 ff.; 26:17b ff. are pent., 2 S 1:19 ff.; 3:33 f. tetr., Ez 27:3 ff.; 28:12 ff.; 32:2 ff. hex.; v. BrGen. Intr. 379 ff..

מִסְפֵּד n.m. Gn 50:10 wailing;—abs. מ׳ Am 5:16 + 11 times; cstr. מִסְפַּד Mi 1:11 + 2 times; sf. מִסְפְּדִי ψ 30:12;—wailing: 1. for dead, Gn 50:10 (J; as acc. cogn.), Zc 12:10 (c. עַל־ cf. v 11(×2) infr.). 2. for calamity experienced Am 5:16(×2) (‖ אֵבֶל), v 17 Mi 1:8 (מ׳ כַּתַּנִּים, ‖ אֵבֶל), v 11 Je 48:38 Ez 27:31, anticipated Je 6:26 Est 4:3. 3. in contrition Is 22:12 (+ בְּכִי), Jo 2:12 (+ צוֹם, בְּכִי), cf. Zc 12:11(×2). 4. in gen., ψ 30:12 (opp. מָחוֹל, cf. Ec 3:4).

† I. שִׂיחַ n.m. ψ 104:34 complaint, musing;—abs. שׂ׳ 1 K 18:27; Pr 23:29; sf. שִׂיחִי 1 S 1:16 +, שִׂחִי Jb 23:2, שִׂיחוֹ 2 K 9:11 ψ 102:1;— 1. plaint, complaint: Jb 7:13; 9:27; 10:1 (‖ מר נפשׁ), 21:4; 23:2 Pr 23:29 ψ 55:3 (‖ אָהִימָה); קוֹלִי בְּשִׂיחִי 64:2; שָׁפַךְ שׂ׳ לפני י׳ 102:1; 142:3. Foll. are dub.: 2. musing, 1 K 18:27 (E) of a god, ‖ שִׂיג לוֹ, (so RV; SS ‘nachdenken’; Buhl ‘beschäftigt sein’; AV talk); ψ 104:34 of man (Buhl SS. Bae ‘Rede, oder Gesang’).—Vid. also [שֵׂחַ²" dir="rtl" >שֵׂחַ] infr. 3. anxiety, trouble: מֵרֹב שִׂיחִי 1 S 1:16; (defined in MT by כַּעַס, cf. HPS; so Buhl SS, but perhaps = 1). 4. the way in which he talks: שִׂיחוֹ 2 K 9:11.

† נְהִי n.[m.] wailing, lamentation, mourning song;—נ׳ abs. Am 5:16 + 5 times; וָנֶ֑הִי Je 9:9;—wailing, at י׳’s judgment Mi 2:4 as acc. cogn.; Je 9:9 (c. נָשָׂא עַל־, + בְּכִי, ‖ קִינָה), v 17 (c. id., ‖ דִּמְעָה), v 18 (קוֹל נ׳), 31:15 (‖ בְּכִי, תַּמְרוּרִים); mourning song יוֹדְעֵי נ׳ Am 5:16 of professional mourners, skilled in mourning song; cf. Je 9:19, where taught (‖ קִינָה), also הִי Ez 2:10 (‖ אֵבֶל, מִסְפֵּד) q.v. (Ol Co read נהי, cf. Berthol).

πένθος, εος, τό, grief, sorrow, Refs 8th c.BC+; τινος for one, Refs 8th c.BC+; Τρῶας λάβε π. Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 especially of grief for the dead, mourning, τοκεῦσι γόον καὶ π. ἔθηκας Refs 8th c.BC+; π. ποιήσασθαι make a public mourning, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν πένθει [εἶναι] Refs 5th c.BC+; π. λύεσθαι, ἀποθέσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II unhappy event, misfortune, π. τινός one's illfortune, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III of a person, a misery, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἔδωκε φέρειν, i. e. the body, Refsfuture of πάσχω, perfect πείσονθα, Lithuanian kenčiù 'suffer', pa-kantà 'patience'; πενθ- is reduced to πṇθ- (παθ-) in αἰνο-παθής, etc.)

יְלָלָה n.f. howling;—וִילָלָה Zp 1:10; cstr. יִֽלֲלַת. Je 25:36; Zc 11:3; יִלְלָתָהּ Is 15:8(×2);—howling in distress Is 15:8(×2) (‖ זְעָקָה), Je 25:36 (of leaders of flock, metaph. for princes; ‖ קול צעקה), Zp 1:10 (‖ id.); קול יִֽלֲלַת הָרֹעִים Zc 11:3 (רעים metaph. for princes).

ὀδυρ-μός, ὁ, lamentation, ὀδυρμοὶ καὶ γόοι Refs 5th c.BC+ lamentation for.., Refs 1st c.AD+

† תַּאֲנִיָּה n.f. id. ib.

† תַּאֲנִיָּה n.f. id. ib.

ἱκετ-ήριος, poetry ἱκτήριος, α, ον, as adjective in the latter form only, of or fit for suppliants, ἱ. θησαυρός, of hair offered to a god, Refs 5th c.BC+; φωτῶν ἱκτήρια, ={φῶτας ἱκτηρίους}, Refs __II ἱκετηρία, poetry ἱκτηρία, Ionic dialect ἱκετηρίη (i.e. ῥάβδος), ἡ, olive-branch which the suppliant held in his hand as a symbol of his condition, λευκοστεφεῖς ἱκτηρίας Refs 4th c.BC+; ἱκετηρίην λαβεῖν, φέρειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of petitions laid before the Athenian people, ἱ. θεῖναι And.[same place], Refs 4th c.BC+, which is a later use,Refs; ὑπὲρ θυγατρὸς ἱ. τιθεμένη Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἱ. ἔθηκεν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν,= ἱκέτευσεν ὑμᾶς, Refs 4th c.BC+; later ἱ. πέμπειν, προβάλλεσθαι, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἱκετηρίας προσενέγκας, ἱκετηρίαν προσάγειν, NT+4th c.AD+, where the suppliant represents herself as the olive-branch, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={ἱκεσία}, variant in Refs 5th c.BC+ad Ath.275c, Refs 3rd c.AD+

κοπετός, ὁ, noise, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of lamentation, ={κομμός}, NT+1st c.AD+

ὀλολύζω, Refs 8th c.BC+: future -ύξομαιRefs 5th c.BC+, later -ύξω LXXaorist ὠλόλυξα, Epic dialect ὀ. (see. below):—cry with a loud voice, in Refs 8th c.BC+ especially of women crying aloud to the gods in prayer or thanksgiving, ὣς εἰποῦσ᾽ ὀλόλυξε· θεὰ δέ οἱ ἔκλυεν ἀρῆς Refs 8th c.BC+; αἱ δ᾽ ὀλόλυξαν, at a sacrifice, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a cry of exultation, ἴθυσέν ῥ᾽ ὀλολύξαι Refs; also of the cries of goddesses, Refs; so later, mostly of women crying to the gods, ὀλολύξατε νῦν ἐπὶ μολπαῖς Refs 5th c.BC+; mostly in sign of joy (compare ὀλολυγή), ἢν μὲν ἔλθῃ πύστις εὐτυχὴς σέθεν, ὀλολύξεται πᾶν δῶμα Refs 5th c.BC+; of nymphs crying aloud to Hecate, Refs 3rd c.BC+

† מַרְזֵחַ n.m. Am 6:7 cry (𝔗 מַרְוְחָא mourning-feast; Ph. מרזח a rel. festival (> usually a month), cf. Palm., ClGann Littm, v. GACookeInscr. 95. 121 f. 303 LzbEphem. i. 47 f. 343 f., ii. 281);— 1. mourning cry (or feast? Talm. מַרְזֵיחָא), abs. בֵּית מ׳ Je 16:5 i.e. house of mourning (‖ ספד, נוד). 2. cry of revelry, cstr. מִרְוַח סְרוּחִים Am 6:7.

† נֹהַּ n.[m.] eminency, distinction;—לֹא נֹהַּ בָּהֶם Ez 7:11 no eminency is left in them (so A 𝔊 Theod Symm Ges Ke), < del. 𝔊B Co Berthol Toy, cf. also Da.

† [נִי] n.[m.] si vera l., wailing (AV RV) ( = נְהִי);—וְנָֽשְׂאוּ אֵלַיִךְ בְּנִיהֶם קִינָה Ez 27:32, but improb.; 𝔊 𝔖 בְּנֵיהֶם, v. MV; so Co, who, however, del. as gloss, cf. Buhl Berthol.