Heaven and Sky

[שָׁמַי] n.m. Dt 33:28 only pl. שָׁמַ֫יִם421 (Sta§ 324a) heavens, sky (NH id.; Assyrian šamû, pl. šamê, šamûtu, also šamâmu, cf. Ph. שמם; Sab. סמה HomChr 46, 124; Arabic سَمَآءٌ; Ethiopic ሰማይ: Aramaic שְׁמַיָּא, ܫܡܰܝܳܐ; Palm. Nab. שם(י)ן in n.pr. (cpd. with בעל) Lzb 153 GACooke 45; on pl. form v. BaZMG xiii (1888), 341 f.);—abs. שׁ׳ Gn 1:1 +, -מָ֑יִם Gn 2:4 +; הַשָּׁמַ֫יְמָה Ex 9:8 +; cstr. שְׁמֵי Dt 10:14 + 9 times; sf. שָׁמֶיךָ ψ 8:4 + 2 times, שָׁמָיו Dt 33:28, שְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:19, c. vb. pl., Ho 2:23;— 1. a. visible heavens, sky, where stars, etc., are Ju 5:20; Gn 15:5 (J), Dt 4:19; Gn 1:14, 15, 17 (P), hence כּוֹכְבֵי הַשּׁ׳ 22:17 (JE) + 9 times (usually as countless), (כָּל־)צְבָא הַשּׁ׳ Dt 4:19; Je 8:2 + (צ׳ 1 c; rarely of angels, צ׳ 1 b); before which fowl fly Gn 1:20 (P), cf. Dt 4:17; Je 8:7; Pr 30:19, עוֹף הַשּׁ׳ Gn 2:19 (J), 1:19 (P) + (עוֹף 1), צִפֹּר שׁ׳ †ψ 8:9, נִשְׁרֵי שׁ׳ †La 4:19; as רָקִיע (q.v.) Gn 1:8 (P), ψ 19:2, with waters beneath and above Gn 1:9 (P, cf. v 7), ψ 148:4, darkened with clouds 1 K 18:45, cleared by wind Jb 26:13; whence comes rain Gn 8:2 (J), Ju 5:4; Dt 11:11 +, and dew Gn 27:28 (J), v 39 (E), Dt 33:28 (poem) +, cf. בִּרְכֹת שׁ׳ †Gn 49:25 (poem in J), מֶגֶד שׁ׳ †Dt 33:13 (poem), but also (destructive) fire 2 K 1:10(×2); Jb 1:16 + (v. also 2 a infr.); הֹבְרֵי שׁ׳ Is 47:13, i.e. astrologers, cf. אוֹתוֹת הַשּׁ׳ Je 10:2; as high Gn 11:4 (J), Am 9:2 (opp. שְׁאוֹל), v 6 (opp. אֶרֶץ) +, עַד־לֵב הַשּׁ׳ Dt 4:11; as over all the earth, תַּחַת (כָּל־)הַשּׁ׳ Gn 6:17; 7:19 (both P), Dt 2:25; Ec 1:13 מִתַּחַת וגו׳ (of extermination) Ex 17:14 (E), Dt 7:24; 9:14 +; specif. of Israel, שָׁמֶיךָ Dt 28:23, שְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:19 (H); בֵּין הַשּׁ׳ וּבֵין הָאָרֶץ 2 S 18:9 (hung from tree), 1 Ch 21:16 (of angel), cf. Ez 8:3 (Ezekiel in vision), Zc 5:9 (flying ephah); מִקְּצֵה הַשּׁ׳ וְעַד־קְצֵה הַשּׁ׳ of limits of horizon Dt 4:32, cf. 30:4 Ne 1:9 ψ 19:7; as made by God Je 51:15 (opp. תֵּבֵל), ψ 8:4 +; enduring Dt 11:21; Jb 14:12 ψ 89:30; especially (הַ)שּׁ׳ וְ(הָ)אָרֶץ = universe (cf. in Sab., SabDenkm No. 41. 42, 1. 3), Dt 3:24; Gn 1:1 (P) + (especially Dt Je Is 2 ψψ), + הַיָּם Ex 20:11; Hg 2:6, etc., + מַיִם מִתַּחַת לָאָרֶץ Ex 20:4 = Dt 5:8, cf. Pr 30:4, etc.; opp. תְּהוֹם Pr 8:27 (+ אֶרֶץ v 29); שׁ׳ חֲדָשִׁים וְהָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה as part of future glory †Is 65:17; 66:22. b. phrases are: אֲרֻבּוֹת הַשּׁ׳ (letting rain through) †Gn 7:11; 8:2 (P), Mal 3:10 (fig.), cf. הֲיַעֲשֶׂה י׳ א׳ בַּשּׁ׳ 2 K 7:2, 19, so דַּלְתֵי שׁ׳ †ψ 78:23 (for manna), cf. דְּגַן שׁ׳ †v 24, לֶחֶם שׁ׳ †105:40; מוֹסְדוֹת הַשּׁ׳ 2 S 22:8 (‖ הָאָרֶץ; in ‖ ψ 18:8 מ׳ הָרִים), עַמּוּדֵי שׁ׳ Jb 26:11, חוּג שׁ׳ 22:14; towards the sky is הַשָּׁמַ֫יְמָה Jos 8:20 (J), Ex 9:8, 10 (P), Jb 2:12; Ju 13:20; 20:40; 2 Ch 6:13; עַל־הַשָּׁמַיִם Ex 9:22, 23; 10:21, 22 (all E), אֶל־שׁ׳ Dt 32:40 (poem), Dn 12:7, שׁ׳ alone 1 K 8:22, 54; Jb 35:5; Pr 23:5. 2. a. as abode of God (י׳) 1 K 8:30, 32 + often, where he sits enthroned ψ 2:4 Is 66:1, etc., cf. רֹכֵב שׁ׳ Dt 33:26 (poem), ψ 68:34, whence he rains brimstone Gn 19:24 (J), bread Ex 16:4 (E), cf. Ne 9:15, casts אֲבָנִים Jos 10:11 (E), talks with Israel Ex 20:22 (E; Gi v 19) +, cf. Gn 21:17; 22:11, 15 (E), looks down Dt 26:15 +, hears his people ψ 20:7 + 10 times Chr, etc.; he thunders בַּשּׁ׳ 1 S 2:10 ψ 18:14, ‖ מִן־שׁ׳ 2 S 22:14; he bends (נטה) שׁ׳ to come down v 10 = ψ 18:10, cf. ψ 144:5 and (rend) Is 63:19; נִפְתְּחוּ הַשּׁ׳ Ez 1:1 in vision of God, cf. שַׁעַר הַשּׁ׳ Gn 28:17 (E; + בֵּית אֱלֹהִים); though even שְׁמֵי הַשּׁ׳ the highest heavens cannot hold him †Dt 10:14; 1 K 8:27 = 2 Ch 6:18; 2 Ch 2:5; Ne 9:6 ψ 148:4, שְׁמֵי שְׁמֵי־קֶדֶם 68:34; he is called אֱלֹהֵי הַשּׁ׳ (post-ex. title) Ezr 1:2 = 2 Ch 36:23, + 11 times Ezr Ne, Jon 1:9 (cf. Aramaic, Dn 2:18, 19, 37, 44; in Gn 24:7 add c. 𝔊 וֵאלֹהֵי הָאָרֶץ, as v 3), אֵל־הַשּׁ׳ ψ 136:26; his sword is בַּשׁ׳ Is 34:5, but also his חֶסֶד ψ 36:6, צֶדֶק 85:12, אֱמוּנָה 89:3, his word fixed 119:89.—שׁ׳ are †שָׁמָיו (of Israel) Dt 33:28 (poem), †שְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:19; †שָׁמֶיךָ ψ 8:4; 144:5, †שְׁמֵי י׳ La 3:66, †שׁ׳ קָדְשׁוֹ ψ 20:7. †b. Elijah taken up הַשּׁ׳ in whirlwind 2 K 2:1, cf. v 11. 3. הַשּׁ׳ personified in various relations Is 1:2; Je 2:12; Jb 15:15 ψ 19:2; 50:6 = 97:6, 89:6; 148:4. †4. מְלֶכֶת הַשּׁ׳ v. מְעִיל²" dir="rtl" >מ׳ p. 573.

οὐρᾰνός, ὁ, Doric dialect and Boeotian dialect ὠρανός Refs 7th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect ὄρανος (ὀράνω Refs 7th c.BC+ __I heaven: in Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.1 vault or firmament of heaven, sky, γαῖα.. ἐγείνατο ἶσον ἑαυτῇ οὐρανὸν ἀστερόεντα, ἵνα μιν περὶ πάντα καλύπτοι Refs 8th c.BC+; wrapped in clouds, Refs 8th c.BC+; above the aether, Refs 8th c.BC+ continued to regard it as solid (στερέμνιον), Refs; defined as αἰθέρος τὸ ἔσχατον by Refs 5th c.BC+; ἠέλιος δὲ οὐρανοῦ ἐξαπόλωλε, of an eclipse, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.2 heaven, as the seat of the gods, outside or above this skyey vault, the portion of Zeus (see. Ὄλυμπος),Refs 8th c.BC+; πύλαι οὐρανοῦ Refs; so, later, οἱ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ the gods of heaven, Refs 4th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν οὐρανῷ θεοί (viz. Sun, etc.) Refs 8th c.BC+; νὴ τὸν οὐ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 in common language, sky, οὐδέ τις ἄλλη φαίνετο γαιάων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ. ἠδὲ θάλασσα Refs 8th c.BC+; κλέος οὐρανὸν ἵκει, κλέος οὐ. εὐρὺν ἱκάνει, renown reaches to heaven,Refs 8th c.BC+; so ὀρυμαγδός, κνίση, σκόπελος οὐρανὸν ἷκεν or ἱκάνει, Refs 8th c.BC+ deeds of violence 'cry to heaven', Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς οὐρανὸν βιβάζειν τι to exalt to heaven, Refs; πρὸς τὸν οὐ. ἥλλοντο leaped up on high, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.4 in Philos., the heavens, universe, Refs 5th c.BC+ the heavens, LXX __I.5 a region of heaven, climate, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.6 Refs 4th c.BC+ __II anything shaped like the vault of heaven, as, __II.1 vaulted roof or ceiling, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II.2 roof of the mouth, palate, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 lid, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 tent, pavilion, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III proper name, “Uranos”, son of Erebos and Gaia, Refs 8th c.BC+.; but husband of Gaia, parent of Cronos and the Titans (compare Οὐρανίδης),Refs 5th c.BC+

† [שְׁמַ֫יִן] n.m. pl. heavens (BH [שָׁמַי], שָׁמַיִם, √ שׁמה);—always emph. שְׁמַיָּא: 1. visible sky Je 10:11 Dn 4:8, 10, 17, 19, 20, 27, 28; עוֹף שׁ׳ 2:38; צִפְּרֵי שׁ׳ 4:9, 18; טַל שׁ׳ v 12, 20, 22, 30; 5:21; רוּחֵי שׁ׳ 7:2 winds of the sky; עֲנָנֵי שׁ׳ v 13; heavens + earth = universe Je 10:11, where God shews signs Dn 6:28. 2. heavens as abode of God Dn 2:28; 4:31, hence, fig., as ruling v 23 (שׁ׳ sometimes = God in NH J Aram., DWorte Jesu 179; Eng. Tr. 218 f.); as abode of angels v 32 (Dr); elsewhere in phr. אֱלָהּ שׁ׳ 2:18, 19, 37, 44 Ezr 5:11, 12; 6:9, 10; 7:12, 21, 23(×2) מֶלֶךְ שׁ׳ Dn 4:34, מָרֵא שׁ׳ 5:23.

† שַׁ֫חַק n.m. Pr 3:20 dust, cloud (as fine, thin);—שׁ׳ abs. ψ 89:7, 38, cstr. Is 40:15; pl. שְׁחָקִים Dt 33:26 +;— 1. fine dust, שׁ׳ מֹאזְנַיִם Is 40:15 (sim. of insignif.). 2. (thin) cloud, usually pl. (often ‖ שָׁמַיִם), Dt 33:26 (poem), Is 45:8; Je 51:9; Jb 35:5; 36:28; 37:21; 38:37 ψ 36:6; 57:11; 68:35; 77:18; 78:23; 108:5; opp. תְּהוֹם Pr 3:20; 8:28; עָבֵי שׁ׳ 2 S 22:12 = ψ 18:12; = heavens, sky Jb 37:18 (c. הִרְקִיעַ), and (sg.) ψ 89:7, 38.

ἐπουράνιος [ᾰ], ον, Epic dialect η, ον Refs 4th c.BC+:— heavenly, in NT+8th c.BC+; ἡ ἐ. πορεία falsa lectio in Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 plural, as substantive, οἱ ἐ., ={θεοί}, Refs 3rd c.BC+; opposed to ἐπίγειοι, NT+2nd c.AD+; τὰ ἐ., ={τὰ μετέωρα}, variant in NT+5th c.BC+ __3 up to heaven, ἔπτατ᾽ ἐπουρανίη variant in Refs 4th c.BC+

† רָקִיעַ n.m. Gn 1:6 extended surface, (solid) expanse (as if beaten out; cf. Jb 37:18);—abs. ר׳ Ez 1:22 +, cstr. רְ׳ Gn 1:14 +;—𝔊 στερέωμα, 𝔙 firmamentum, cf. Syriac sub √ supr.;— 1. (flat) expanse (as if of ice, cf. כְּעֵין הַקֶרַח), as base, support (WklAltor. Forsch. iv. 347) Ez 1:22, 23, 25 (gloss? cf. Co Toy), v 26 (supporting י׳’sthrone) 10:1. Hence (Co Ez 1:22) 2. the vault of heaven, or ‘firmament,’ regarded by Hebrews as solid, and supporting ‘waters’ above it, Gn 1:6, 7(×3), 8 (called שָׁמַיִם; all P), ψ 19:2 (‖ הַשָּׁמַיִם), זֹהַר הָר׳ Dn 12:3; also הַשָּׁמַיִם ר׳ Gn 1:14, 15, 17, עַל־פְּנֵי ר׳ הַשּׁ׳ v 20 (all P).*

οὐράν-ιος [ᾰ], α, ον, also ος, ον Refs 5th c.BC+:— heavenly, dwelling in heaven, γέννα Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐράνιαι the goddesses, Refs 5th c.BC+the gods, Refs; of special gods, Θέμις οὐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; αἱ οὐ. θεοί, Demeter and Kore, Refs __2 generally, in or of heaven, ἀστήρ Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ. θεᾶς βρέτας fallen from heaven, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ. ὕδατα, i.e. rain, Refs 5th c.BC+; so τὰ οὐ. alone, = rains, Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐ. ἄχος, of a storm, Refs 5th c.BC+ (where it may be metaphorically, compare below Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ οὐ. the phenomena of the heavens, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II reaching to heaven, high as heaven, κίων, of Aetna, Refs 5th c.BC+; σκέλος οὐ. ἐκλακτίζειν, ῥίπτειν, kick up sky-high, Refs 5th c.BC+; of sounds, ὀμφὰν οὐ. Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, mountainous, colossal, οὐ. ἄχη Refs 5th c.BC+ __III sky-blue, λίθος κυανωτάτη καὶ -ία ἰδεῖν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV οὐράνιον, τό, name of an eye-salve, Refs 4th c.AD+ __V adverb -ίως from the point of view of heaven, opposed to γηΐνως, Refs 5th c.BC+

μεσουρᾰν-ημα, ατος, τό, culmination, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 mid-heaven, zenith, NT __3 μ. κόσμου title of Aries as having been on the meridian at the Creation, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 name of the tenth τόπος, Refs

† חוּג n.[m.] vault, horizon; of the heavens, sea and earth חוּג שׁמים התהלך Jb 22:14; בְּחֻקֿוֹ חוּג על־פני תהום Pr 8:27 (cf. חקק on p. 349a); היֹשֵׁב עַל־חוּג הארץ Is 40:22.

οὐρᾰνό-θεν (paroxytone), adverb from heaven, down from heaven, LXX+8th c.BC+: joined with Preps., ἀπ᾽ οὐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐξ οὐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; κατ᾽ οὐ. Refs 5th c.AD+

that fell from Zeus , Refs 5th c.BC (Middle Liddel)

† שֶׂכְוִי n.[m.] perhaps a celestial appearance, phenomenon (Rabb. Thes mind; De(afterTalm.) cock (cf. NH שֶׂכְוִי cock, שֶׂכְוְיָה hen, foreign words acc. Dalm), Di ‘Wolkengebilde’);—abs. שׂ׳ perhaps of clouds (cf. ‖ טֻחוֹת) Jb 38:36 (RVm meteor).