Distress and Hardship

I. [קָשָׁה] vb. be hard, severe, fierce (NH קָשָׁח be severe; Arabic قَسَا (ى) be hard, dry, iii. endure, struggle against, severity; Aramaic קְשָׁא, ܩܫܳܐ be hard, difficult; J.Aram קְשִׁי, קַשְׁיָה adj. hard);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. קָֽשְׁתָה 1 S 5:7, קָשָׁ֑תָה Gn 49:7; Impf. 3 ms. יִקְשֶׁה Dt 1:17; 15:18, וַיִּ֫קֶשׁ 2 S 19:44;— 1. be hard, difficult Dt 1:17 (of a legal case; מִן compar.). 2. be hard, severe, ק׳ יָדוֹ עָלֵינוּ 1 S 5:7 (of י׳, in judgment); יִק׳ בְעֵינֶ֑ךָ Dt 15:18 it shall not be hard in thine eyes (seem a severe trial, an injustice); of wrath Gn 49:7 (poem in J; ‖ עָ֑ז); of fierce words 2 S 19:44. Niph. Pt. נִקְשֶׁה Is 8:21 hardly bestead, hard pressed. Pi. Impf. 3 fs. וַתְּקַשׁ בְּלִדְתָּהּ Gn 35:16 (E) she made hard in her bearing (had severe labour). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִקְשָׁה Ex 13:15 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיֶּקֶשׁ 2 Ch 36:13; 3 mpl. וַיַּקְשׁוּ Je 7:26 +, etc.; Inf. cstr. sf. בְּהַקְשֹׁתָהּ Gn 35:17; Pt. מַקְשֶׁה Pr 28:14; 29:1;— 1. make difficult, difficulty: הִקְשָׁה לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ Ex 13:15 Pharach made difficulty about sending us away; of travail Gn 35:17 (E; as Pi.); הַקְשִׁיתָ לִשְׁאוֹל 2 K 2:10 thou hast made hard to ask, asked a hard thing. 2. make severe, burdensome, yoke imposed by king 1 K 12:4 = 2 Ch 10:4. 3. a. make hard, stiff, stubborn, fig. of obstinacy: וַיַּקְשׁוּ אֶת־עָרְפָּם 2 K 17:14 they stiffened their neck, so Je 7:26; 17:23; 19:15; Dt 10:16; 2 Ch 30:8; 36:13; Ne 9:16, 17, 29 Pr 29:1; אַל־תַּקְשׁוּ לְבַבְכֶם ψ 95:8, cf. Pr 28:14; subj. י׳, אַקְשֶׁה אֶת־לֵב פ׳ Ex 7:3 (P), acc. אֶת־רוּחוֹ Dt 2:30. b. shew stubbornness Jb 9:4 (c. אֶל pers. [י׳]).

I. צָרַר vb. bind, tie up, be restricted, narrow, scant, cramped (NH id.; Arabic صَرَّ bind, tie up; so Aramaic צְרַר, ܨܰܪ );— A. trans.: Qal Pf. 3 ms. צָרַר Ho 4:19; Pr 30:4; Imv. צוֹר Is 8:16; Inf. cstr. צְרוֹר Pr 26:8 (?); Pt. act. צֹרֵר Jb 26:8; pass. צָרוּר Ho 13:12, f. צְרוּרָה 1 S 25:29; fpl. צְרֻרֹת Ex 12:34; 2 S 20:3;—bind or tie up, of kneading-troughs Ex 12:34 (E); fig. of a life preserved by י׳, נֶפֶשׁ צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים 1 S 25:29; of preserving prophetic teaching Is 8:16; of retention of guilt Ho 13:12; of י׳’s binding waters in (a garment of) cloud Pr 30:4 Jb 26:8; = shut up 2 S 20:3;—צָרַר רוּחַ אֹתָהּ בִּכְנָפֶיהָ Ho 4:19 (si vera l.) pregn., the wind hath wrapped her up in its wings, to carry her off; כִּצְרוֹר אֶבֶן Pr 26:8 like the tying up of a stone, but unintellig. in context (v. Toy). Pu. Pt. pl. מְצֹרָרִים Jos 9:4 tied up (mended by tying), of old wine-skins. B. intrans.: Qal Pf. 3 fs. צָ֫רָה Is 28:20; Impf. 3 ms. יֵצַר Pr 4:12, יֵ֫צֶר לוֹ Jb 20:22, וַיֵּ֫צֶר Gn 32:8 +, 2 fs. תֵּצְרִי Is 49:19;—be scant, cramped; of scanty bed-covering Is 28:20 (in fig.); of land too small for (מִן) its people Is 49:19 + Jos 19:47 (for וַיֵּצֵא) DrExpos. Jan. 1887, 59 Benn, cf. 𝔊; of steps = be cramped, or impeded, Pr 4:12; Jb 18:7 (both in fig.); especially impers. c. ל pers., וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ Gn 32:8 and it was narrow for him = he was in straits, distress, so Ju 2:15; 2 S 13:2; Jb 20:22, also 3 fs. וַתֵּ֫צֶר לְ Ju 10:9; 1 S 30:6 (v. Dr).* Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. וְהֵצַר Dt 28:52, 52 consec.; 1 s. וַהֲצֵרֹתִי Je 10:18; Zp 1:17; Impf. 3 ms. יָצַר־לוֹ 1 K 8:37 = 2 Ch 6:28, וַיָּ֫צַר 2 Ch 28:20; 3 mpl. וַיָּצֵרוּ Ne 9:27; Inf. cstr. הָצֵר 2 Ch 28:22; 33:12;—make narrow for, press hard upon, cause distress to, c. ל pers., Je 10:18 (subj. י׳), Zp 1:17 (subj. id.); Dt 28:52(×2); 1 K 8:37 = 2 Ch 6:28; Ne 9:27 (all subj. foe), 2 Ch 28:20 (subj. TP); Indef. subj. 2 Ch 28:22 (but read כִּי אִם לִצָרָה לוֹ, and join to v 21, opp. לְעֶזְרָה לוֹ, 𝔊 Kit BuhlLex), 33:12.

κίνδυν-ος, ὁ, irregular dative κίνδῡνι (as if from κίνδυν) Refs 7th c.BC+:— danger, hazard, venture, whether abstract or concrete, πᾶσίν τοι κ. ἐπ᾽ ἔργμασιν Refs 6th c.BC+; κ. γαλέης danger of or from her, Refs 5th c.BC+; κίνδυνον ἀναρριπτέειν to run a risk, Refs 5th c.BC+; κίνδυνον ἀναλαβέσθαι, ὑποδύεσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἴρεσθαι, ἄρασθαι, ἀρεῖσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+; ξυνάρασθαι Th.[same place]; ἐγχειρίσασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κινδύνῳ αἰωρεῖσθαι, εἶναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. [ἐστι] with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ τῷ αὑτοῦ κ. at his own risk, Refs 4th c.BC+; καθαρὸς ἀπὸ παντὸς κ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 trial, venture, κ. ἀνεῖται σοφίας Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 battle, Refs 2nd c.BC+

μόλῐς, adverb, post-Refs 8th c.BC+, prevailing in Trag., Comedy texts, and Attic dialect prose, though in Refs 5th c.BC+ the Laur. Ms. gives each form twice, the same Ms. of Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. μέν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ἠνεσχόμην Refs 5th c.BC+; ζῶντι καὶ μάλα μ. nay, only just alive, Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. καὶ ἠρέμα πάσχειν scarcely at all.., Refs 4th c.BC+ not scarcely, i.e. quite, utterly, ἀπώλεσας οὐ μ. Refs 4th c.BC+; θέλουσαν οὐ μ. καλεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+

κινδυν-εύω, future -σω Refs 5th c.BC+.α᾽, etc.: perfect κεκινδύνευκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, mostly in present: future κινδυνευθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist and perfect, see below 3: (κίνδυνος):—to be daring, run risk, κ. πρὸς πολλούς, πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. εἰς τὴν Αῐγυπτον venture thither, Refs 5th c.BC+ __b absolutely, make a venture, take a risk, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be in dire peril, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be in danger, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a sick person, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially engage in war, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦ χωρίου κινδυνεύοντος the post being in peril, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ κινδυνεύων τόπος the place of danger, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __2 with dative, κ. τῷ σώματι, τῇ ψυχῇ, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἁπάσῃ τῇ Ἑλλάδι run a risk with all Greece, i.e. endanger it all, Refs; τίσιν οὖν ὑμεῖς κινδυνεύσαιτ᾽ ἄν..; in what points.. ? Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. τοῖς ὅλοις πράγμασι, τῷ βίῳ, Refs 2nd c.BC+: frequently with Preps., κ. ἐν τοῖς σώμασι Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. περὶ [τῆς Πελοποννήσου] Refs 5th c.BC+; but κ. περὶ δισχιλίους go into battle with a force of Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 with accusative cognate, venture, hazard, τοὺς ἐσχάτους κινδύνους Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ψευδομαρτυρίαν hazard a prosecution for perjury, Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to be ventured or hazarded, μεταβολὴ κινδυνεύεται there is risk of change, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁποτέρως ἔσται, ἐν ἀδήλῳ κινδυνεύεται remains in hazardous uncertainty, Refs 4th c.BC+; κεκινδυνευμένον a venturous enterprise, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κινδυνευθέντα, ={τὰ κινδυνεύματα}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 with infinitive, run the risk of doing or being.., τὸν στρατὸν κινδυνεύσει ἀποβαλεῖν LXX+5th c.BC+; then, __4.b to express chance, i.e. what may possibly or probably happen: with present, perfect, or aorist infinitive, κινδυνεύουσι οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὗτοι γόητες εἶναι they run a risk of being reputed conjurers, Refs 5th c.BC+; κινδυνεύσομεν βοηθεῖν we shall probably have to assist, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἡ ἀληθὴς δόξα ἐπιστήμη εἶναι seems likely to be.., Refs; κινδυνεύσεις ἐπιδεῖξαι χρηστὸς εἶναι you will have the chance of showing your worth, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἀναμφιλογώτατον ἀγαθὸν εἶναιRefs 5th c.BC+; τὰ συσσίτια κινδυνεύει συναγαγεῖν he probably organized the σ., Refs; κινδυνεύω πεπονθέναι ὅπερ.. Refs: with future infinitive, uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+; κινδυνεύει impersonal, it may be, possibly, as an affirmatative answer, Refs 5th c.BC+; out of courtesy, when no real doubt is implied, κινδυνεύεις ἀληθῆ λέγειν you may very likely be right, Refs __5 passive, to be endangered or imperilled, ἐν ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ πολλῶν ἀρετὰς κ. Refs 5th c.BC+:— but passive in sense of active uncertain in Refs

Included with: δύσ-κολος, ον, (κόλον): __I of persons, properly hard to satisfy with food Refs 2nd c.AD+: but, generally, hard to please, discontented, fretful, peevish, Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, intractable, Refs adverb δυσκόλως, ἔχειν, διακεῖσθαι πρός τιναRefs 5th c.BC+ __II of things, troublesome, harassing, δ. ἡ ἡνιόχησις Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, unpleasant, ἄν τι δ. συμβῇ Refs 4th c.BC+; καιροὶ δ. difficult times, Refs. adverb -λως, ὑπακούειν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 difficult to explain, Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. ἐστι it is difficult, NT+1st c.AD+; τὰ μὲν ῥάδια.. τὰ δὲ δ. Refs 1st c.BC+. adverb -λως hardly, with difficulty, NT

στενοχωρ-έω, to be straitened, confined, Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically, to be anxious, in difficulty, ἐπί τινι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II transitive, crowd, straiten, τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὰς πύλας, τὰς ὁδούς, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, with future middle Refs 4th c.AD+, to be crowded together, Refs 1st c.BC+; ἐν ταὐτῷ σ. Refs 1st c.BC+; of stricture, Refs 1st c.AD+; to be cramped or confined, ὁ Εὐφράτης -ούμενος Refs 8th c.BC+; of a picture, Refs 4th c.AD+ __II.2 metaphorically, press closely, tina LXX:—passive, to be straitened, cramped,LXX+5th c.AD+; ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις NT; ὑπὸ τῶν κακῶν Refs 5th c.BC+

Related to: βαρέω, Aeolic dialect βορ-, see below, future -ήσωRefs 2nd c.AD+: perfect βεβάρηκα Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, see below:—weigh down, depress, βαρήσει ταῦτα τὸ πορθμεῖον Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ ἔθνος ἐβάρει ταῖς εἰσφοραῖς Refs 1st c.AD+ [same place]:—passive, κῆρ.. βόρηται Refs 7th c.BC+; β. τῷ ἐκφορίῳ Refs 2nd c.AD+: with accusative, to be indignant at, αὐτῶν τὴν εὐγένειαν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 charge an account, Refs 6th c.AD+ __II intransitive in Epic dialect perfect participle βεβαρηώς weighed down, heavy, οῐνῳ βεβαρηότες Refs 8th c.BC+:—later, perfect participle passive βεβαρημένος, μεθυσθεὶς τοῦ νέκταρος β. ηὗδεν Refs 5th c.BC+; τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς β. ὑπ᾽ οἴνουNT+3rd c.BC+; οἷον βεβαρημένος as though pregnant, Refs 3rd c.AD+:—passive, present βαρέεται Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐβαρήθην Refs 1st c.BC+: perfect βεβάρηται Refs

ἐπισφαλ-ής, ές, (σφάλλομαι) prone to fall, unstable, precarious, τὰ μεγάλα πάντα ἐπισφαλῆ Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπισφαλές [ἐστι] Refs 4th c.BC+ __II (σφάλλω) making to fall, misleading, εἰς βλάβην Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 dangerous, νόσημα Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -εστάτη, χώρα Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἐπισφαλές [ἐστι] παρακοῦσαι Refs 4th c.BC+ adverb -λῶς, ἔχειν, διακεῖσθαι, to be in danger, LXX+2nd c.BC+: superlative -έστατα, περᾶσαι Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.3 dubious, adverb comparative -έστερον AristeasRefs

μόγῐς, Aeolic dialect μύγις Refs 6th c.AD+: adverb, (μόγος) with toil and pain, i. e. hardly, scarcely, NT+8th c.BC+ is rare in Attic dialect Prose, except in Refs 5th c.BC+; both forms in codices of Refs 8th c.BC+

כְּבֵדֻת n.f. heaviness, וַיְנַהֲגֵהוּ בִּכ׳ Ex 14:25 (J) and they drave them with heaviness (difficulty).