Dance and Dancing

† I. חוּל [חִיל] vb. whirl, dance, writhe (NH, Aramaic id., dance; Arabic حَاَل change, turn; Assyrian ḫîlu, writhe in fear DlPr 191 (on ḫ = ح v. DHMZK i. 357); on form of Heb. vb. v. NöZMG, 1883, 536)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. חָ֫לָה Mi 1:12 + 2 times; וְחָלָה֫ consec. Ho 11:6; חַלְתִּי Is 23:4; חָ֫לוּ Je 5:3 (but v. infr.), La 4:6; וְחָלוּ֫ Dt 2:25; חַ֫לְנוּ Is 26:18; Impf. יָחוּל Je 23:19; 30:23; 3 fs. תָּחוּל Ez 30:16 Qr (Kt Co תחיל); וַתָּחֹ֑ל Je 51:29; אחולה Je 4:19 Kt (Qr אוֹחִילָה, Hiph. יחל); יָחֻ֫לוּ 2 S 3:29; but also יָחִיל ψ 55:5 (Jb 20:21 v. ii. חול); וַיָּ֫חֶל 1 S 31:3 = 1 Ch 10:3 + Gn 8:10 (where read prob. וַיִּיָּ֫חֶל as v 12; = וַיְיַחֵל Ol Di); 3 fs. תָּחִיל Is 26:17 + 2 times + Ez 30:16 Kt (cf. supr.); וַתָּ֑חֶל ψ 97:4; 2 fs. תְּחִלִין Is 45:10; יָחִילוּ ψ 77:17 = 3 times (ψ 10:5 v. ii. חול); וַיָּחִ֫ילוּ Ju 3:25; וַחִילוּן Is 13:8; תָּחִ֫ילוּ Je 5:22; Imv. fs. חוּ֫לִי Mi 4:10 ψ 114:7; mpl. חִילוּ ψ 96:9 1 Ch 16:30; Inf. cstr. (לָ)חוּל Ju 21:21 Ez 30:16 (= Inf. abs.); Pt. fs. חוֹלָה Je 4:31 vid. Gf Gie and Ges§ 72 R.1.;— 1. dance Ju 21:21 (לָחוּל בַּמְּחֹלוֹת ψ 96:9). 2. twist, writhe: a. in pain, especially childbirth Is 26:17; 45:10 מַה־תח׳ (‖ מה־תוליד); metaph., of sea Is 23:4 (‖ ילד); Israel 26:18 (‖ הרה), 54:1 (‖ ילד); Zion 66:7, 8 (‖ id.), Mi 4:10 (‖ גֹּ֫חִי, sim. כיולדה; cf. v. 9), Je 4:31. b. fig., be in severe pain, or anguish (mostly poet. and elevated prose), sq. מפני Dt 2:25 (‖ רגז, cf. also פַּחַד and יִרְאָה v a); Ez 30:16 Je 5:22 (‖ ירא); sq. מִלִּפְנֵי 1 Ch 16:30 ψ 114:7; abs. ψ 55:5 (‖ אימות מָוֶת נפלו עלי), Je 4:19 Kt, ψ 77:17 (‖ רגז) 97:4 Is 13:8; 23:5 Je 51:29 (‖ רָעַשׁ), Jo 2:6 Zc 9:5 (‖ ירֵא), prob. also 1 S 31:3 (cf. 28:5) = 1 Ch 10:3, cf. Öt; fig. of mts. Hb 3:10. c. in contrition Je 5:3, חָ֫לוּ der. from חול Ew Gf Gie; חלה (wrongly accented; vid. חלה Qal 2). d. in anxious longing עַד בּוֹשׁ Ju 3:25, sq. לְ Mi 1:12 (on Gn 8:10, cf. supr.) 3. whirl, whirl about עַל־רֹאשׁ יוֹאָב (i.e. blood—דמים—of Abner, from sword) 2 S 3:29; of attach of sword itself Ho 11:6 (‖ כִּלָּה, אכל), cf. La 4:6 לא חָ֫לוּ בה ידים; of tempest על ראשׁ רשׁעים יחול Je 23:19 (v a סער מִתְחוֹלֵל) = 30:23 (v a סַעַר מִתְגּוֹרֵר). Poʿlel. Impf. יְחוֹלֵל ψ 29:9; 3 fs. תְּחוֹלֵל Pr 25:23; sf. תְּחוֹלֶלְכֶם Is 51:2; 2 ms. תְּחוֹלֵל Jb 35:14; וַתְּחוֹלֵל ψ 90:2; Inf. cstr. חֹלֵל Jb 39:1; Pt. מְחוֹלֵל Pr 26:10; מְחֹלֶלְךָ Dt 32:18; מְחֹלְלוֹת Ju 21:23;—1 S 18:6 ψ 87:7 v infr.; on Is 51:9 and Jb 26:13 v. חָלַל" dir="rtl" >I. חלל;— 1. dance Ju 21:23, so perhaps also 1 S 18:6 (read חַמְּחֹלְלוֹת 𝔊 We Dr; and חֹלֲלִים pt. (מ om.) ψ 87:7 RV Pe De Che Bae; cf. Qal 1). 2. writhe in travail with, bear, bring forth (poet.), of Sarah, mother of Isr., Is 51:2 (‖ אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם); of hinds Jb 39:1 ψ 29:9 (caus.); fig. of י׳’s producing earth ψ 90:2 (‖ יֻלָּד֑וּ); of his bringing forth Isr. (with difficulty, v. Di) Dt 32:18; of north wind bringing forth rain Pr 25:23; רַב מְחוֹלֵל כֹּ֑ל 26:10 a master produceth everything (on trans. see VB; Ew. al. derive from חלל wound). 3. wait anxiously (cf. Qal 2 d), sq. לְ Jb 35:14 (Elihu). Poʿlal. Pf. חוֹלָ֑לתִּי ψ 51:7 + 2 times; חוֹלָ֑לְתָּ Jb 15:7; Impf. יְחוֹלָ֑לוּ Jb 26:5;— 1. be made to writhe Jb 26:5 (הָֽרְפָאִים). 2. be brought forth Jb 15:7 (‖ תִּוָּלֵד), ψ 51:7 (‖ יחם), metaph. of wisdom Pr 8:24, 25. Hiph. Impf. יָחִיל ψ 29:8(×2) cause to be in anguish, c. acc. מִדְבָּר, subj. י׳. Hoph. Impf. יוּחַל Is 66:8 be born (= travailed with, Che), subj. אֶרֶץ (‖ יִוָּלֵד גוי). Hithpol. 1. Pt. מִתְחוֹלֵל whirling סַעַר מתח׳ Je 23:19 (= סער מִתְגּוֹרֵר 30:23). 2. writhing, suffering torture Jb 15:20 (of life of wicked). 3. Imv. הִתְחוֹלֵל ψ 37:7 wait longingly sq. לְ for, ‖ דּוֹם. Hithpalp. Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּתְחַלְחַל Est 4:4 and she writhed in anxiety.

† רָקַד vb. skip about (NH Pi. Hiph. = BH; so Aramaic רְקַד Pa., ܪܩܰܕ Pa.; Assyrian raḳâdu, skip, dance; Arabic رَقَدَ ix. run with leaps and bounds, رَقَدَانٌ leaping up briskly);— Qal skip about, Pf. 3 mpl. רָֽקְדוּ ψ 114:4 (of mts., כְּאֵילִים); Impf. 2 mpl. תִּרְקְדוּ v 6 (id.; both of Sinai quaking at law-giving); Inf. cstr. עֵת רְקוֹד Ec 3:4 a time to mourn (סְפֹד), and a time to skip about (gaily). Pi. dance, leap: Impf. 3 mpl. יְרַקְּדוּ Is 13:21 (of שְׂעִירִים); יְרַקֵּד֑וּן Jb 21:11 (of children; merrily), Jo 2:5 (of locusts); Pt. מְרַקֵּד 1 Ch 15:29 (of David; = מְכַרְכֵּר, מְפַזֵּז, in ‖ 2 S 6:14, 16); fs. מְרַקֵּדָה Na 3:2 (of jolting chariots); in 2 S 6:21a ins. אֲרַקֵּד I will dance, after לִפְנֵי י׳, 𝔊 Th We Dr Bu HPS (מְרַקֵּד). Hiph. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיַּרְקִידֵם ψ 29:6 he (י׳) made them skip like calves (trees, by lightning).

† [מְחוֹלָה] n.f. id.;—cstr. מְחֹלַת Ct 7:1; pl. מְחֹלֹת Ex 32:19; מְחֹלוֹת Ex 15:20 + 5 times; dancing, token of joyousness after victory, Ju 11:34 1 S 18:6; 21:12; 29:5; in worship, at feast Ju 21:21; act of praise to י׳ Ex 15:20 (song); in idolatrous worship Ex 32:19 (E); as graceful and beautiful Ct 7:1; accomp. by timbrel Ex 15:20 Ju 11:34, and by singing Ex 15:20 1 S 18:6 (where however read prob. Poʿlel Pt. הַמְּחֹלְלוֹת, cf. vb. חוּל supr.; so 𝔊 We Dr), 21:12; 29:5.

† I. מָחוֹל n.m. La 5:15 dance;—abs. מ׳ ψ 30:12 + 3 times; cstr. מְחוֹל Je 31:4; מְחוֹלֵנוּ La 5:15;—dance, token of joyousness ψ 30:12 (opp. מספד), Je 31:4, 13 (cf. v b), La 5:15 (opp. אֵבֶל); act of praise to י׳ ψ 149:3; 150:4; accompanied by timbrel (תֹּף) and sometimes other instruments ψ 149:3, 4 Je 31:13.

ὀρχέομαι, imperfect ὠρχούμην: Epic dialect 3rd.pers. plural present ὀρχεῦνται, imperfect ὠρχεῦντο (see. below): future ὀρχήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ὠρχησάμην Refs 6th c.BC+; infinitive ὀρχήσασθαι Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, aorist ὠρχήθην Refs 3rd c.BC+:—dance, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.. ὠρχεῦντ᾽ Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀ. πρὸς ὅπλα, of the Pyrrhic dance, Demetr.Sceps. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; ὀρχεῖσθαι ταῖς χερσί (compare χειρονομέω) Refs 4th c.BC+ to dance in or on, Oracle texts cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ dance Laconian steps, Refs 5th c.BC+ {ὀρχηδόν}, etc.:—passive, τῶν ὕμνων οἳ μὲν ὠρχοῦντο οἳ δὲ οὐκ ὠρχοῦντο Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 represent by dancing or pantomime, ὀρχεῖσθαι τὴν τοῦ Κρόνου τεκνοφαγίαν, ὀ. τὸν Αἴαντα, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II metaphorically, leap, bound, ὀρχεῖται δὲ καρδία φόβῳ Refs 4th c.BC+; Θεσσαλίη ὠρχήσατο Thessaly shook, trembled, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III active ὀρχέω, make to dance (see. Refs 5th c.BC+, is used by Ion Trag.Refs made my heart leap (so codices Refs 2nd c.AD+; but ὀρκῆσι in Refs 5th c.BC+

† [כָּרַר] vb. √ of foll. (NH כִּרְכֵּר use circumlocution; 𝔗 pl. כִּרְכְּרָן dances; Arabic كَرَّ return, repeat, attack anew, advance and retreat; كَرْكَرَ id.; ii. whirl about; orig. perhaps move around, then surround, enclose, recur, etc.; Ethiopic ከርከረ: turn a mill, only pt.; ኰርኰረ: v. rotate, revolve, roll, and deriv. Di 838 f.);—only Pilpēl , Pt. מְכַרְכֵּר dancing (lit. whirling) 2 S 6:14, 16 (‖ מְפַזֵּז).

χορός, ὁ, dance, αἰεὶ δ᾽ ἡμῖν δαίς τε φίλη κίθαρίς τε χοροί τε Refs 8th c.BC+: later of the dance as a public religious ceremony, Διόνυσον τιμώσας χοροῖς Refs 5th c.BC+; χοροὺς ἀνῆγον αἱ πόλεις (i.e. εἰς τὴν Δῆλον) Refs 5th c.BC+; πεν- ἀνδρῶν χ. Refs 4th c.BC+; κύκλιος χ. (see. κύκλιος); θυσίῃσί σφεα (i.e. Δαμίην καὶ Αὐξησίην) καὶ χοροῖσι γυναικηΐοισι κερτόμοισι ἱλάσκοντο Refs 5th c.BC+; τραγικοὶ χοροί, at Sicyon, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence of the chorus in the Attic drama, οἱ χ. τῶν τραγῳδῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. τραγικός, κωμικός, Refs 4th c.BC+; also χ. τρυγικός, τρυγῳδικός, Refs 5th c.BC+; arranged in six rows, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὃς οὐκ ἔδωκ᾽ αἰτοῦντι Σοφοκλέει χορόν (of the archon to whom the poet applied) Refs 5th c.BC+; χορὸν λαβεῖν, ἔχειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. συλλέξαι, χοροὺς ἀθροίζειν (i.e. from the tribe), Refs 5th c.BC+ __II choir, band of dancers and singers, h. Ven.NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 generally, choir, troop, ἰχθύων Refs 5th c.BC+; of things, ἄστρων αἰθέριοι χ. Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. σκευῶν row of dishes, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. δονάκων row of reeds, i. e. Pan's pipe, Refs 5th c.AD+; χ. ὀδόντων a row of teeth, Refs 2nd c.AD+ for the front teeth, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν σοφίαν ποῦ χοροῦ τάξομε; in what class shall we place it? Refs 5th c.BC+ __III place for dancing, ἐν δὲ χ. ποίκιλλε.. Ἀμφιγυήεις Refs 8th c.BC+; at Sparta the ἀγορά was called χορός, Refs 5th c.BC+: see below (Acc. to Refs 5th c.AD+ ={κύκλος},{στέφανος}, and therefore properly denotes a ring-dance.)