Atonement Expiation

† כִּפֶּר vb.Pi etc. denom. cover over (fig.), pacify, make propitiation;— Pi Pf. כִּפֶּר Ex 30:10 + 31 times; 2 ms. sf. כִּפַּרְתָּ֑הוּ Ez 43:20; 3 mpl. יְכַפְּרוּ Ez 43:26; 2 mpl. כִּפַּרְתֶּם Ez 45:20; Impf. יְכַפֵּר Ex 30:10 + 10 times; יְכַפֶּר־ Lv 7:7 Nu 5:8; sf. יְכַפְּרֶנָּה Pr 16:14; 1 s. אֲכַפֵּר 2 S 21:3; אֲכַפְּרָה Gn 32:21 Ex 32:30, etc.; Imv. כַּפֵּר Dt 21:8 + 4 times; Inf. כַּפֵּר Ex 30:15 + 28 times; sfs. כַּפְּרִי Ez 16:63; כַּפֶּרְךָ Ex 29:36; כַּפְּרָהּ Is 47:11;— 1. cover over, pacify, propitiate; אֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו בַּמִּנְחָה Gn 32:21 let me cover over his face by the present (so that he does not see the offence, i.e. pacify him; E; RSOTJC, 2d ed., 381 ‘wipe clean the face,’ blackened by displeasure, as the Arabs says ‘whiten the face’); וְתִפֹּל עָלַיִךְ הֹוָה לֹא תוּכְלִי כַּפְּרָהּ Is 47:11 and disaster will fall upon thee, thou wilt not be able to propitiate it (by payment of a כֹּפֶר, see Is 43:3); pacify the wrath of a king Pr 16:14 (e.g. by a gift). 2. cover over, atone for sin, without sacrifice: a. man as subj., בַּמָּה אֲכַפֵּר 2 S 21:3, with what shall I cover over (viz. the bloodguiltiness of the house of Saul, says David. The answer is by a death penalty of seven sons of the guilty house); בְּעַד חטאתכם Ex 32:30 on behalf of your sins (JE; Moses, by intercession); c. על of persons Nu 17:11, 12 (P; by incense), 25:13 (P when Phinehas slays the ringleaders). b. with God as subj., c. acc. pers., cover, i.e. treat as covered, view propitiously, Yahweh’s land Dt 32:43 (song); לְ pers. Dt 21:8 (bloodguiltiness flows away in the stream), Ez 16:63; בְּעַד of person 2 Ch 30:18; c. acc. of the sin ψ 65:4; 78:38, prob. also Dn 9:24 (‖ ח֯תם חטאת; עַל of sin, ψ 79:9 Je 18:23 (‖ מחה). It is conceived that God in his sovereignty may himself provide an atonement or covering for men and their sins which could not be provided by men. 3. cover over, atone for sin and persons by legal rites, in the codes of H, P, and Ez: abs. וכ׳ הַכֹּהֵן and the priest shall make atonement Lv 16:32; a. c. acc. of sacred places (by the great sin-offering of the day of atonement), Lv 16:20, 33(×2); also Ez 43:20, 26; 45:20 (by the blood of the sin-offering ‖ חִטֵּא, טִהַר). b. usually c. עַל (1) of things, e.g. of the altar to which the blood of the sin-offering was applied Ex 29:36, 37; 30:10; Lv 8:15 (‖ קִדַּשׁ), 16:18; and specifically the horns of the altar Ex 30:10 the holy place of the tabernacle Lv 16:16 (by the great sin-offering, because of (מִן) the uncleannesses of the children of Israel and because of their transgressions); for the leprous house by ceremony of purification Lv 14:53 (‖ טִהַר); for the goat לעזאזל Lv 16:10 (which was presented before Yahweh to consecrate him for the bearing away of the sins of the people). (2) of persons, על־נפשׁתיכם, for your persons, yourselves, e.g. by the payment of atonement-money כֶּסֶף הַכִּפֻּרִים at the census Ex 30:15, 16; by the קרבן of the spoils Nu 31:50; by the blood upon the altar Lv 17:11; in the ritual עֲלֵיהֶם, עָלָיו by ministry of priest through the blood of the sin-offering Lv 4:20, 31; 8:34; 10:17; 12:7, 8; 14:19, 31; 16:30, 33; 23:28; Nu 8:12, 21; 15:25, 28(×2); 28:22, 30; 29:5; 2 Ch 29:24 Ne 10:34; of the trespass-offering Lv 5:16, 18, 26; 7:7; 14:21; 19:22; Nu 5:8; the whole burnt-offering Lv 1:4; 14:20; 16:24; by the oil used in purifying a leper Lv 14:18, 29; by the תרומה Ez 45:15; by the priestly ministry in general 1 Ch 6:34; by the substitution of the Levites for the firstborn Nu 8:19. Underlying all these offerings there is the conception that the persons offering are covered by that which is regarded as sufficient and satisfactory by Yahweh. (The purpose of the covering is stated Lv 16:30 יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי י׳ תִּטְחָ֑רוּ = shall atonement be made for you to cleanse you, from all your sins shall ye be clean before Yahweh, and Nu 8:21 וַיְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם לְטַהֲרָם and (Aaron) made atonement for them to cleanse them.) c. the need of the atonement is expressed by מִן: others understand מִן as = away from; cf. Di Lv 4:26, RiSühne 50 f.. מֵחטאתו because of his sin Lv 4:26; 5:6, 10; 16:34; מטמאתו Lv 14:19; 16:16; מזוב Lv 15:15, 30; מֵאֲשֶׁר חָטָא Nu 6:11; also עַל, עַל־חַטָּאתוֹ on account of his sin Lv 4:35; 5:13; 19:22; על־שׁגגתוֹ Lv 5:18. d. c. בְּ instr. בְּאֵיל Lv 5:16; 19:22; Nu 5:8; with a trespass-offering Lv 7:7; כִּי־הַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר Lv 17:11 for it is the blood with the living being that covers over (H, see נפשׁ 3 (a); RV by reason of the life after De Di Kn Bähr Kau and most moderns; AV follows 𝔊 𝔙 𝔗, so Ges Ew§ 282 a. Anm. 1: ‘for the soul’); c. בְּ loc. בַּקֹּדֶשׁ Lv 6:23; 16:17, 27 e. c. בַּעַד pers., on behalf of Lv 9:7(×2); 16:6, 11, 17, 24 (by Aaron), Ez 45:17 (by the prince). Pu Pf. כֻּפַּר Ex 29:33 Is 28:18 (but read תֻּפַר,—√ I. פרר,—so 𝔗 Hu We Che SS al. v. BrMP 209); Impf. יְכֻפַּר Nu 35:33; + 3 times; 3 fs. תְּכֻפָּ֑ר Is 6:7 be covered over, atoned for. 1. apart from the ritual, חטאתך תכפר Is 6:7 thy sin shall be covered over (‖ וְסָר עֲוֹנֶךָ; by the touch of the live coal from the altar); אִם־יְכֻפַּר הֶעָוֹן הַזֶּה לָכֶם Is 22:14 surely this iniquity shall not be covered over for you; c. בְּ instr. בזאת יכפר עון Is 27:9 by this shall the iniquity of Jacob be covered over (‖ הסר חטאתו; namely by the destruction of idolatrous objects); בחסד ואמת יכפר עון Pr 16:6 by mercy and fidelity iniquity is covered over. 2. c. לְ for whom, לארץ לא יכפר לדם Nu 35:33 for the land atonement cannot be made, in view of the blood shed in it, except by the blood of the shedder of blood; in the ritual of P, c. בְּ instr. אֲשֶׁר כֻּפַּר בָּהֶם Ex 29:33 wherewith atonement was made (ram of consecration). Hithp. Impf. יִתְכַּפֵּר 1 S 3:14; c. בְּ instr. אִם־יִתְכַּפֵּר עֲוֹן בֵּית־עֵלִי בְּזֶבַח וּבְמִנְחָה the iniquity of the house of Eli shall not be covered by peace-offering or minchah (in other words there was no atonement for it; cf. Pu Is. 22:14). Nithp. (Ges§ 55, 9 Pf. וְנִכַּפֵּר לָהֶם הַדָּם Dt 21:8 and the blood shall be covered for them.

† כַּפֹּרֶת n. propitiatory, late techn. word from כּפר cover over sin: the older explan. cover, lid has no justification in usage; 𝔊 ἱλαστήριον; only P: Ex 25:17, 18, 19, 20(×2), 21, 22; 26:34; 30:6; 31:7; 35:12; 37:6, 7, 8, 9(×2); 39:35; 40:20 Lv 16:2(×2), 13, 14(×2), 15(×2) Nu 7:89, and 1 Ch 28:11; it was a slab of gold 2 ½ cubits × 1 ½ c. placed on top of the ark of the testimony. On it, and a part of it, were two golden cherubim facing each other, whose outstretched wings came together above and constituted the throne of Yahweh. When the high priest entered the Holy of Holies on the day of atonement it was necessary that this highest place of atonement should be enveloped in a cloud of incense. The blood of the sin-offering of the atonement was then sprinkled on the face of and seven times before it. The temple proper, as distinguished from porch etc., was called בֵּית הַכּ׳ 1 Ch 28:11.

† כִּפֻּרִים n.pl.abstr. atonement, only in P: הַטַּאת הַכּ׳ sin-offering of the atonement Ex 30:10; Nu 29:11; יוֹם (ה)כ׳ day of (the) atonement Lv 23:27, 28; 25:9; אֵיל הַכּ׳ Nu 5:8; עַל־הַכּ׳ Ex 29:36; כֶּסֶף הכ׳ Ex 30:16 money of atonement.

ἱλᾰσ-μός [ῑ], ὁ, a means of appeasing, in plural, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 atonement, sinoffering, LXX+NT+1st c.AD+

ἱλᾰσ-τήριος, α, ον (ος, ον Refs 2nd c.AD+, propitiatory, offered in propitiation, μνῆμα LXX+1st c.AD+; θυσίαι Refs __II ἱλαστήριον ἐπίθεμα, the mercy-seat, covering of the ark in the Holy of Holies, LXX alone as substantive,LXX+NT+1st c.AD+ __II.2 (i.e. ἀνάθημα) propitiatory gift or offering, NT; of a monument, Refs __II.3 monastery, Men.Prot.p.15 Refs 4th c.BC+