Additive Particles

καί, conjunction, copulative, joining words and sentences, __A and; also adverb, even, also, just, frequently expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ (μή) or οὐδέ (μηδέ). copulative, and, __A.I joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων Refs 8th c.BC+: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι Refs 5th c.BC+; joining only the last pair, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more and more, Refs 5th c.BC+; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.2 to addalimiting or defining expression, πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος κ. Κύνθιον ὄχθον to the mountain and specially to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ (sometimes in reverse order, πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς κ. μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον Refs 8th c.BC+; to add by way of climax, θεῶν.. κ. Ποσειδῶνος all the gods, and above all.. , Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently ἄλλοι τε καί.., ἄλλως τε καί.., see at {ἄλλος} Refs; ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια κ. οὐδενός little or nothing, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ταῦτα and this too.. , γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, κ. ταῦθ᾽ οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II at the beginning of a sentence, __A.II.1 in appeals or requests, καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα Refs 8th c.BC+; καί μοι λέγε.., καί μοι ἀπόκριναι.., Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently in Oratt., καί μοι λέγε.. τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.2 in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, κ. τίς τόδ᾽ ἐξίκοιτ᾽ ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχο; Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. πῶς..; pray how..? Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. δὴ τί..; but then what..? Refs; κ. ποῖον..; Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτα; Refs 5th c.BC+; κἄπειτ᾽ ἔκανε; Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.3 ={καίτοι}, and yet, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.4 at the beginning of a speech, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.III after words implying sameness or like ness, as, γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι κ. σύ they had the same opinion as you, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἴσον or ἴσα κ..., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἴσῳ (i.e. ἐστὶ) κ. εἰ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.III.2 after words implying comparison or opposition, αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως κ. πρίν Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.III.3 to express simultaneity, ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον.., κἀγὼ κατηγόμην Refs 5th c.BC+; παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες κ. ψύχεται [τὸ ὕδωρ] Refs 5th c.BC+; [οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι] οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες κ. Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.IV joining an affirmative clause with a negative, ἀλλ᾽ ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.V καί.., καί.. correlative, not only.., but also.. , κ. ἀεὶ κ. νῦν, κ. τότε κ. νῦν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.VI by anacoluthon, ὣς φαμένη κ. κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ᾽ Ἀθήνη, for ὣς ἔφη κ..., Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε.. κ. τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, for κ. ὁ υἱός, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B even, also, just, __B.1 τάχα κεν κ. ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο even the innocent, Refs 8th c.BC+; δόμεναι κ. μεῖζον ἄεθλον an even greater prize, Refsfull five,Refs 5th c.BC+ two or three, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 also, κ. ἐγώ I also, Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. αὐτοί they also, Refs 5th c.BC+; Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης κ. τούτω ἀπεθανέτην likewise died, Refs; in adding surnames, etc., Ὦχος ὁ κ. Δαρειαῖος Refs 5th c.BC+; nominative ὁ κ. first in Refs 1st c.BC+, frequently later, Refs 2nd c.AD+, etc.; Ἰούδας ὁ κ. Μακκαβαῖος NT+8th c.BC+; εἴπερ τι κ. ἄλλο, ὥς τις κ. ἄλλος, Refs 5th c.BC+, not only.., but also.. , see at {μόνος}; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον.. ἢ οὐ καὶ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2.b frequently used both in the antecedent and relative clause, where we put also in the antecedent only, εἰ μὲν κ. σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ κ. ἐγώ Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.3 frequently in apodosi, after temporal Conjs., ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δή ῥα.., κ. τότε δή.. Refs 8th c.BC+; also after εἰ, Refs 8th c.BC+: as a Hebraism, κ. ἐγένετο.. κ... LXX+NT __B.4 with Advs., to give emphasis, κ. κάρτα Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. λίην full surely, Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. πάλαι, κ. πάνυ, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. μάλα, κ. σφόδρα, in answers, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.5 with words expressing a minimum, even so much as, were it but, just, ἱέμενος κ. καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι Refs 8th c.BC+; οἷς ἡδὺ κ. λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+; τίς δὲ κ. προσβλέψετα; who will so much as look at you? Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.6 just, τοῦτ᾽ αὐτὸ κ. νοσοῦμεν 'tis just that that ails me, Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently with a relative, τὸ κ. κλαίουσα τέτηκα Refs 8th c.BC+; and how long ago was the city sacked? Refs 4th c.BC+; ποῦ καί σφε θάπτε; where is he burying her? Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.7 even, just, implying assent, ἔπειτά με κ. λίποι αἰών thereafter let life e'en leave me, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.8 κ. εἰ even if, of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opposed to εἰ κ. although, notwithstanding that, of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled,Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ κ. ἠπιστάμην if I had been able, Refs 5th c.BC+ each exert their force separtely, as εἴ περ ἀδειής τ᾽ ἐστί, καὶ εἰ.. and if.. Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.9 before a Participle, to represent either καὶ εἰ.., or εἰ καί.., although, albeit, Ἕκτορα κ. μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω, for ἢν κ. μεμάῃ, how much soever he rage, although he rage, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C Position: καί and, is by Poets sometimes put after another word, ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω, for καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.2 καί also, sometimes goes between a preposition and its case, ἐν κ. θαλάσσᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.3 very seldom at the end of a verse, Refs 5th c.BC+ __D crasis: with ᾰ, as κἄν, κἀγαθοί, etc.; with ε, as κἀγώ, κἄπειτα, etc., Doric dialect κἠγώ, κἤπειτα, etc.; with η, as Χἠ, Χἠμέρη, Χἠμεῖς, etc.; with ῐ in Χἰκετεύετε, Χἰλαρ; with ο, as Χὠ, Χὤστις, etc.; with υ in Χὐμεῖς, Χὐποχείριον, etc.; with ω in the pronoun ᾧ, Χ; with αι, as κᾀσχρῶ; with αυ, as καὐτό; with ει, as κεἰ, κεἰς (but also κἀς), κᾆτ; with εὐ-, as κεὐγένεια, κεὐσταλή; with οι in Χοἰ (Χᾠ Refs; with ου in Χοὖτος, κοὐ, κοὐδέ, and the like.

גַּם768 adv. denoting addition, also, moreover, yea (Moab. id.: also Zinj. (Lzb250 Cooke166) prob. akin to √ جَمَّ; cf. جَمًّا (accus.) in a mass, altogether)— 1. also, moreover, emphasizing sometimes the thought of an entire sentence, but more usually the word immediately following, as Gn 3:6 וַתִּתֵּן גַּם לְאִישָׁהּ and gave also to her husband, v 27 and take also of the tree of life, 7:3; 19:21; 24:19; 26:21; 29:27; 30:15; 32:21 (גַּם הִגֵּה …: so Est 7:9) 48:11 Ex 8:28; 12:32 b Dt 1:37 1 S 28:20 2 S 11:12 2 K 9:27 Is 7:13 +. Often before pronouns, Gn 4:4 וְהֶבֶל הֵבִיא גַם הוּא and Abel, he also brought, 20:5 וְהִיא־גַס־הִוא (so only here) and she herself also, v 6 27:31 וַיַּעַשׂ גַּם הוּא, 30:3 Dt 3:20 Ju 3:31; 6:35; 9:19 1 S 19:20–24 Je 12:6; 48:26 etc. (cf. MI 6 ויאמר גם הא): especially in genealogies of J (BuUrg. 220) Gn 4:22, 26; 10:21; 19:38; 22:20, 24 cf. Ju 8:31. גַּם sq. pron. also begins a sentence with emph. in an elevated style, thou (they) also, Is 14:10 Je 12:6(×2); 48:7 Ez 16:52 Na 3:11(×2). After a pron. in an oblique case (Ges§ 135, 2) Gn 27:34 1 S 19:23 2 S 17:5 Je 25:14; 27:7 +. וְגַם and also (more often than גַּם alone attaching a sentence) Gn 6:4; 14:16; 15:14; 17:16; 20:12; 24:14, 46; 30:6; 37:7; 38:24; 42:28 Ex 2:19; 3:9; 4:14 Jos 7:11 (5 times) 1 S 4:17 1 K 21:19 + often; with a negative = neither Ex 5:2; 34:3 al.—גַּם … גַּם (like et … et) both … and Gn 44:16; 47:3, 19 Nu 18:3 Je 51:12 ψ 49:3 +: גַּם … גַּם … גַּם Gn 24:25 Ju 8:22 Ec 9:6: with a negative neither … nor Nu 23:25 1 S 20:27 1 K 3:26, and (3 times) Gn 43:8 Ex 4:10 1 S 28:6. So (but seldom) גַּם … וְגַם Gn 24:44 Ex 10:25 f. 1 S 2:26; 12:14; 26:25: with neg. 1 S 21:9.—N.B. In poetry independence and emphasis is sometimes given by גַּם to a new idea, where in English we should be satisfied with and: ψ 107:5; 137:1 Jb 24:19 Ct 7:14 La 4:15. 2. with stress on a particular word, even, Ex 4:9 Nu 22:33 גַּם אוֹתְךָ even thee I had slain, and kept her alive, 2 S 17:10 Je 2:33 ψ 132:12 Pr 14:13 even in laughter the heart is sorrowful, v 20 17:28; 20:11 Ru 2:15 Ne 3:35; and so often after כִּי, Dt 12:31 for even their sons they burn in the fire to their gods, 1 S 22:17 Is 26:12 Je 6:11; 12:6; 14:5 Ho 9:12 כִּי־גַם־אוֹי לָהֶם for even woe is it to them when I depart from them; הֲגַם †Gn 16:13 1 S 10:11, 12 = 19:24 1 K 17:20 ψ 78:20 Jb 41:1 Est 7:8. Other cases:—1 S 24:12 רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה see yea see! (but HupQu. Job vi. גַּם רָאֹה: cf. infr.) ψ 118:11; Jb 2:10 גַּם אֶת־הַטּוֹב נְקַבֵּל shall we receive good (emph.) from God and not evil? 21:7; interposed once between a subst. and adj. Gn 20:4 gentemne etiam justam interficies? emphasizing כֹּל, Dt 28:61 Ju 9:49 b 1 S 22:7 גַּם־לְכֻלְּכֶם to all (emph.) of you will he give …? 2 S 19:31 גַּם אֶת־הַכֹּל יִקָּ֑ח yea, the whole let him take! Is 26:12; אֶחָד 2 S 17:12 b and we will not leave … גַּם אֶחָד even one (similarly v 13 b), ψ 14:3 (= 53:4) אֵין גַּם אֶחָד; an inf. or cogn. accus. attached to a verb, †Gn 31:15; 46:4 Nu 11:15; 16:13 1 S 1:6. גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם lit. even both i.e. the one as well as the other (Germ. alle beide) is said idiomatically, †Gn 27:45 (שְׁנֵיכֶם), Dt 22:22; 23:19 1 S 25:43 (שְׁתֵּיהֶן), Pr 17:15; 20:10, 12 Ru 1:5. 3. introducing a climax, yea, especially in a rhetorical style, Gn 27:33 Dt 23:3, 4 Ju 5:4(×2) Is 13:3; 14:8; 43:13 yea, from to-day I am the same, 44:12 גַּם רָעֵב yea, he is hungry, and has no strength, 47:3; 48:8(×3); 57:7 Je 46:16; 48:2; 51:44 Ho 7:9 ψ 41:10; 84:7; 139:12; Is 66:8 כִּי־חָ֫לָה גַּם־יָֽלְדָה, צִיּוֹן אֶת־בָּנֶיהָ, Je 5:28; 12:2 Ez 24:5 Jb 21:7 Ct 8:1: emphasizing an extreme, or aggravated, case, yea, even, Is 49:15 yea, these may forget, Je 8:17 yea, the stork knoweth, etc., Is 23:12 גַּם שָׁם even there no rest shall be for thee (so ψ 139:10), 49:25; 57:6 Je 23:11 b Mal 3:15 ψ 84:4. 4. expressing correspondence, especially in the matter of retribution (the גַּם correlativum), so frequently גַּם אֲנִי, גַּם אָנֹכִי I also (on my part):—Gn 20:6 I also [as well as thyself] know that thou hast done this innocently, Jos 24:18 Ju 2:21 1 S 1:28 (cf. Dr) 28:22 גַּם אַתָּה thou also (as I have done v 21), 2 S 12:13 י׳ also [responding to thy confession] hath removed thy sin, 2 K 2:3, 5 Is 31:2; 66:3–4 (גם … גם, emphasizing the action of both parties), Je 2:36; 4:12 now will I also [in correspondence with their deeds] speak judgments with them, 7:11; 51:49 (גם … גם), Ez 5:8, 11; 16:43 (וְגַם = therefore also), 23:35 Ho 4:6 because thou hast forgotten the direction of thy God, I also (on my part) will forget thy children, ψ 52:7 (thou lovest evil, etc.) גַּם אֵל יִתָּצְךָ God also (on his part) will pluck thee up, 71:22; 133:1 Pr 1:26 Jb 7:11; 12:3; 16:4; so וְגַם Ju 2:3 Am 4:6, 7 Mi 6:13 Mal 2:9. In the apodosis (uncommon): Gn 13:16 if a man could number the dust of the earth, גַּם זַרְעֲךָ יִמָּנֶה thy seed also should be numbered, Je 31:36, 37; 33:21, 26 Zc 8:6. The correspondence is sometimes of the nature of a climax: Gn 27:33; 30:8 I have wrestled, גַּם יָכֹלְתִּי (cf. 1 K 22:22 וְגַם תּוּכָ֔ל, Je 50:24), Is 66:8. 5. connecting two ideas which express (or imply) a contradiction, גַּם acquires sometimes an adversative force (cf. אַף 1 end), yet, but, though: ψ 95:9 they tried me, but also (Che) saw my work (viz. of judgment), 129:2 Je 6:15 = 8:12 Ez 20:23 Ec 4:8, 16; 5:18 Ne 6:1. So וְגַם Ez 16:28; 20:15 Ec 3:13; 6:7 Ne 5:8. 6. גַּם כִּי (with impf.) yea, when La 3:8, even when Pr 22:6; yea though (stating an imagined case) Is 1:15 Ho 8:10; 9:16 ψ 23:4 (so גַּם אִם Ec 8:17); also (is it) that Ru 2:21 (v כִּי 1 d). כִּי גַם = for even (v. supr. 2); = though even, although (conceding a fact) Ec 4:14 (v De) 8:12.

τε, enclitic Particle, with two main uses (see. infr. A, B). __A as a Conjunction, __A.I τε.. τε, both.. and, joining single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first τε merely pointing forward to the second, ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε Refs 8th c.BC+; the elements joined by τε.. τε are usually short in Refs 8th c.BC+, longer in later Gr., e.g. ἐπειδὴ πρόξενοί τέ εἰσιν Ἀθηναίων καὶ εὐεργέται.., ἔν τε τῇ στήλῃ γέγραπται Refs 5th c.BC+; χρὴ.. τούς τε πρεσβυτέρους ὁμοιωθῆναι τοῖς πρὶν ἔργοις, τούς τε νεωτέρους.. μὴ αἰσχῦναι κτλ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τά τε γὰρ ληφθέντα πάντ᾽ ἂν σῴζοιτο οἵ τ᾽ ἀδικήσαντες κατ᾽ ἀξίαν λάβοιεν τὰ ἐπιτίμια Aen.Refs 3rd c.BC+; κλείειν τε τὰ βλέφαρα δεομένων ἐλπιζόντων τε κοιμηθήσεσθαι Refs 2nd c.AD+, compare 495,501; this use is common at all times in οὔτε.. οὔτε, μήτε.. μήτε, εἴτε.. εἴτε (which see); τε may be used three or more times, ἔν τ᾽ ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρί, ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν Refs 8th c.BC+ —ἑνδεκάτη τε δυωδεκάτη τε probably means the eleventh or twelfth, Refs 8th c.BC+ —sometimes τε.. τε couples alternatives, ἀπόρως εἶχε δοῦναί τε μὴ δοῦναί τε Refs 5th c.BC+; hence we find τε.. ἢ.., Refs 5th c.BC+; on ἢ (or ἦ).. τε in Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.2 the first clause may be negative, the second affirmative, as ἐκκλησίαν τε οὐκ ἐποίει.., τήν τε πόλιν ἐφύλασσε Refs 5th c.BC+; but οὔτε.. τε is more frequently, as οὔτε ποσίν εἰμι ταχύς.., γιγνώσκω τε Refs 5th c.BC+; we also find οὐ.. τε.., as οὐχ ἡσύχαζον.., παρεκάλουν τε τοὺς ξυμμάχους Refs 5th c.BC+; and μὴ.. τε.., as ἵνα μή τι διαφύγῃ ἡμᾶς, εἴ τέ τι βούλει κτλ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.3 τε (both) sometimes corresponds to a following δέ (and), or τε (and) to a preceding μέν, e.g. __A.I.3.a τε.. δὲ.., as κόμισαί τέ με, δὸς δέ μοι ἵππους Refs 8th c.BC+; so with ἅμα δὲ καὶ.., ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.3.b μὲν.. τε.., ἄνδρα μὲν.., τρεῖς τε κασιγνήτους Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.4 a single τε (and) joins a word, phrase, or (especially later) clause or sentence to what precedes, τελευτὴν κεφαλήν τε Refs 8th c.BC+; ἕν τε οὐδὲν κατέστη ἴαμα.., σῶμά τε αὔταρκες ὂν οὐδὲν διεφάνη.., Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας.. ἀθροίζεσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅ τε γραφεὶς κύκλος.. Refs 3rd c.BC+; χωρίς τε τούτων Refs 3rd c.BC+; καθόλου τε.. Refs 1st c.BC+; this τε may be used any number of times, NT+8th c.BC+ __A.II τε.. καὶ.., or τε καὶ.., both.. and.., where τε points forward to καί, and usually need not be translated, e.g. Ἀτρείδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς Refs 8th c.BC+; δειλός τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καλεοίμηνRefs; τῆς τε γῆς ἐούσης ἐπιτηδέης καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐόντων σφι συμμάχων Refs 5th c.BC+; sometimes the elements joined by τε.. καὶ.. are joined in order to be compared or contrasted rather than simply joined, κάκιστος νῦν τε καὶ πάλαι δοκεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπαύσατό τε ὁ ἄνεμος καὶ τὸ κῦμα ἔστρωτοRefs 5th c.BC+; sometimes (like τε.. τε) even used of alternatives, διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν, ἵππους τε στρέψαι καὶ ἐναντίβιον μαχέσασθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.II.2 in this sense τ᾽ ἠδέ is only Epic dialect, σκῆπτρόν τ᾽ ἠδὲ θέμιστας Refs 8th c.BC+; also τε.., ἰδέ, χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον Refs __A.II.3 καὶ.. τε, both.. and.. , is occasionally found, as καὶ μητέρα πατέρα τ᾽ Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.3.b καὶ.. τε perhaps means and.. also in καὶ ναυτικῷ τε ἅμα Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.4 τε.. τε or τε.. καὶ.. sometimes join elements which are not syntactically parallel, especially a participle and a finite verb, ἰοῖσίν τε τιτυσκόμενοι λάεσσί τ᾽ ἔβαλλον (for βάλλοντες) Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.II.5 the copulative τεRefs it is found about 150 times in NT __B In Epic dialect (more rarely in other dactylic verse, see below Refs τε stands in general or frequentative statements or in statements of what is well known; such statements are frequently made as justifications of a preceding particular statement or of a preceding exhortation to a particular person or persons; the sense of τε thus approaches that of τοι (compare τοι and τε in Refs 8th c.BC+; although associated with numerous particles and other words of particular types (see. below) its meaning remains independent of these and applies to the whole sentence in which it stands: αἶψά τε φυλόπιδος πέλεται κόρος ἀνθρώποισιν Refs 8th c.BC+; δύσζηλοι γάρ τ᾽ εἰμὲν ἐπὶ χθονὶ φῦλ᾽ ἀνθρώπωνRefs 8th c.BC+; νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδέν· καὶ γάρ τίς τ᾽ ἀλλοῖον ὀδύρεται ἄνδρ᾽ ὀλέσασα.. ἢ Ὀδυσῆ᾽ Refs 8th c.BC+; ὃν Βριάρεων καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δέ τε πάντες Αἰγαίων᾽ Refs; sometimes of repeated action by particular persons, ἄλλοτε μέν τε γόῳ φρένα τέρπομαι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἡ δὲ.. μ᾽ αἰεὶ.. νεικεῖ, καί τέ μέ φησι μάχῃ Τρώεσσιν ἀρήγεινRefs __B.2 in exhortations addressed to an individual, a subsidiary sentence or relative clause in which he is reminded of his special or characteristic sphere of activity is marked by τε, e.g. Ἑρμεία, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε φίλτατόν ἐστιν ἀνδρὶ ἑταιρίσσαι καί τ᾽ ἔκλυες ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσθα, βάσκ᾽ ἴθι.. Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.3 similarly in general and frequentative statements consisting of two clauses (one of which may be a relative clause, frequently containing the subjunctive or optative), in which the fulfilment of the condition stated in the subsidiary or subordinate clause is declared to be generally or always followed by the result stated in the principal clause, either or both clauses may contain τε: __B.3.a the principal clause alone contains τε, ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται, μάλα τ᾽ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.3.b the subordinate clause alone contains τε, λάζετο δ᾽ ἔγχος.. τῷ δάμνησι στίχας ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων οἷσίν τε κοτέσσεται ὀβριμοπάτρη Refs 8th c.BC+: it is probably that τε has been replaced by κε in the text of Refs 8th c.BC+, and some other passages in which κε seems to be used, exceptionally, in general relative clauses. __B.3.c both clauses contain τε, ὃς μέν τ᾽ αἰδέσεται κούρας Διὸς ἆσσον ἰούσας, τὸν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὤνησαν καί τ᾽ ἔκλυον εὐχομένοιο Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.4 in the subordinate clause of a collective sentence, in which the principal clause states something to be true of all those (i.e. each individual) to whom the predicate of the subordinate clause applies, ὑπόσχωμαι.. κτήματα.. πάντα μάλ᾽ ὅσσα τ᾽ Ἀλέξανδρος.. ἠγάγετο Τροίηνδ᾽.. δωσέμεν Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.5 in relative clauses (and in parenthetic principal clauses) which indicate what is customary, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ἱερήϊον οὐδὲ βοείην ἀρνύσθην, ἅ τε ποσσὶν ἀέθλια γίγνεται ἀνδρῶν which are the usual prizes.., Refs 8th c.BC+: similarly in clauses with οἷά τε (πολλά), κῆτος ἐπισσεύῃ μέγα δαίμων ἐξ ἁλός, οἷά τε πολλὰ τρέφει.. Ἀμφιτρίτη Refs __B.6 in relative clauses indicating what is true of all persons or things denoted by the same word, οὐ γάρ τις νήσων ἱππήλατος οὐδ᾽ εὐλείμων αἵ θ᾽ ἁλὶ κεκλίαται no one of the islands which lie in the sea (as all islands do, i.e. no island at all), Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.7 when the antecedent is a definite group of gods or men, the relative clause with τε indicates an essential characteristic of the antecedent, Ἐρινύες, αἵ θ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν ἀνθρώπους τείνυνται Refs 8th c.BC+ or thing, the relative clause with τε indicates one of his or its general or essential characteristics or aspects, οὐ μὰ Ζῆν᾽ ὅς τίς τε θεῶν ὕπατος καὶ ἄριστος Refs 8th c.BC+; κεῖται ἀνὴρ ὅν τ᾽ (variant{ὃν}) ἶσον ἐτίομεν Ἕκτορι δίῳ, Αἰνείας Refs; the relative clause sometimes indicates what is customary, οὐδέ σε λήθω τιμῆς ἧς τέ μ᾽ ἔοικε τετιμῆσθαι μετ᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.8 τε is used in descriptions of particular places or things when attention is called to their peculiar or characteristic features, or their position, e.g. Λιβύην, ἵνα τ᾽ ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἓξ δέ τέ οἱ (i.e. Σκύλλῃ) δειραὶ περιμήκεες Refs; ἐν δέ τε Γοργείη κεφαλή (in Athena's αἰγίς) Refs 8th c.BC+; χαλεπὸν δέ τ᾽ ὀρύσσειν ἀνδράσι γε θνητοῖσι (i.e. μῶλυ) Refs 8th c.BC+; sometimes τε draws attention to a well-known custom or permanent feature, ἀρξάμενοι τοῦ χώρου, ὅθεν τέ περ οἰνοχοεύει Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.9 a part of the anatomy is defined by a clause (containing τε) which indicates a feature which universally belongs to it, κατ᾽ ἰσχίον, ἔνθα τε μηρὸς ἰσχίῳ ἐνστρέφεται Refs 8th c.BC+; similarly a point of time is defined, ὥρῃ ἐν εἰαρινῇ, ὅτε τ᾽ ἤματα μακρὰ πέλονται Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.10 τε is used in relative clauses which define a measurement of a particular thing or action by reference to the measurement (in general) of some thing or action well known in daily life, γεφύρωσεν δὲ κέλευθον μακρὴν ἠδ᾽ εὐρεῖαν, ὅσον τ᾽ ἐπὶ δουρὸς ἐρωὴ γίγνεται Refs 8th c.BC+; more rarely the definition is by reference to the measurement of a particular thing or action, ἤσθιε.. ἕως ὅ τ᾽ ἀοιδὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἄειδενRefs __B.11 the frequently use of τε B in similes is to be explained under one or other of the {ταώς} heads, e.g. when reference is made to generally known kinds of things or natural phenomena, to human experience in daily life, or to well-known phenomena of the animal world, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II in post-Refs 8th c.BC+ Gr. this use of τε is more restricted; outside of Epic dialect and other early dactylic verse Refs 8th c.BC+; without generalizing force, Refs 5th c.BC+ (without a verb, as in Refs 8th c.BC+; in later Gr. we find exceptionally ἔνθεν τε Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπ᾽ οὗ τε Refs 3rd c.BC+; οἵ τε Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἥ τ᾽ Refs 2nd c.AD+; καὶ ἔστιν ἔπη Μαντικὰ ὁπόσα τε (= which) ἐπελεξάμεθα καὶ ἡμεῖς Refs 2nd c.AD+ __C in Refs 8th c.BC+ τε is also (but less frequently) used in conjunction with other particles in contexts (mainly particular statements) such as the following: __C.1 in assurances, statements on oath, and threats, σχέτλιος, ἦ τ᾽ ἐκέλευον ἀπωσάμενον δήϊον πῦρ ἂψ ἐπὶ νῆας ἴμεν Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦ τ᾽ ἄν in Refs 8th c.BC+; γάρ τε (assuming variant) in οὐ γάρ τ᾽ οἶδα Refs 8th c.BC+ (but τ᾽ more probably = τοι, see at {σύ}); δέ τε in ἀγορῇ δέ τ᾽ ἀμείνονές εἰσι καὶ ἄλλοι Refs 8th c.BC+; μέν τε in σφὼ μέν τε σαώσετε λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν Refs; εἴ πέρ τε in οὔ τοι ἔτι δηρόν γε φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης ἔσσεται, οὐδ᾽ εἴ πέρ τε σιδήρεα δέσματ᾽ ἔχῃσιν Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.2 also in commands, warnings, and admonitions, σίγα, μή τίς τ᾽ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν τοῦτον ἀκούσῃ μῦθον Refs 8th c.BC+; τούσδε τ᾽ (variant δ᾽) ἐᾶν Refs __C.3 also in passionate utterances, in clauses which indicate the cause of the speaker's passion or a circumstance which might have caused others to behave more considerately towards him, ὤ μοι ἐγὼ δειλή.. ἥ τ᾽.. τὸν μὲν.. θρέψασα.. ἐπιπροέηκα Refs 8th c.BC+; ἡμεῖς δ᾽ αὖ μαχόμεσθ᾽, οἵ πέρ τ᾽ ἐπίκουροι ἔνειμεν and we, who (mark you) are only allies (not γαμβροί and κασίγνητοι), are fighting, Refs; τρεῖς γάρ τ᾽ ἐκ Κρόνου εἰμὲν ἀδελφεοί for we, let me tell you, are three brothers, sons of Cronos (and Zeus has no prior title to power),Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.4 in descriptions of particular events and things where there is no general reference, κνίση μὲν ἀνήνοθεν, ἐν δέ τε φόρμιγξ ἠπύει Refs 8th c.BC+; ὥς (= so) τέ μοι ὑβρίζοντες ὑπερφιάλως δοκέουσιν δαίνυσθαι κατὰ δῶμα Refs 8th c.BC+; πόλιν πέρι δινηθήτην καρπαλίμοισι πόδεσσι, θεοὶ δέ τε πάντες ὁρῶντο uncertain Refs 8th c.BC+; so with οὐδέ τ᾽ (nisi to be read οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽), τὸν καὶ ὑπέδδεισαν μάκαρες θεοὶ οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔδησαν Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.5 ὅτε τε (when) frequently introduces a temporal clause defining a point of time in the past by means of a well-known event which occurred then, ἦ οὐ μέμνῃ ὅτε τ᾽ ἐκρέμω ὑψόθε; Refs 8th c.BC+; so also ὅτε πέρ τε.. κέρωνταιRefs 8th c.BC+ __C.6 in ὅ τε (that or because) the τε has no observable meaning, χωόμενος ὅ τ᾽ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισας Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.7 ἐπεί τε = {ἐπεί} (when) is rare in Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.8 where τ᾽ ἄρ occurs in questions, e.g. πῇ τ᾽ ἂρ μέμονας καταδῦναι ὅμιλο; Refs 8th c.BC+, ταρ (which see) should probably be read, since ἄρ (α) usually precedes a τε which is not copulative; so perhaps ταρα should be read for τ᾽ ἄρα in Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.9 in ἣ θέμις ἐστὶν.. ἤ τ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ἤ τε γυναικῶν Refs 8th c.BC+, it is not clear whether τε is copulative (τε A) or generalizing (τε B) or neither (τε C); ἤ is probably ={ἦ} (accented as in ἤτοι (; ἤ τ᾽ ἀλκῆς ἤ τε φόβοιο is uncertain reading in Refs; ἤ τ᾽ = or is found in Refsthan in Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.10 Rarer and later uses; __C.10.a also, especially with ἄλλος, Ἑρμεία, σὺ γὰρ αὖτε τά τ᾽ ἄλλα περ ἄγγελός ἐσσι Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ οὖν περὶ τούτων ἐπιστροφὴν μὴ ποιήσει, οἵ τε λοιποί μοι τὰς χεῖρας προσοίσουσιν (-σωσιν Papyrus) Refs 3rd c.BC+; τῶν δὲ παρὰ ταῦτα ποιησόντων τά τε κτήνη ὑπὸ στέρεσιν ἀχθήσεσθαι πρὸς τὰ ἐκφόρια Refs 2nd c.BC+; see above Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.10.b with ὅδε, adding a slight emphasis to the preceding word, εἰ δὴ τήνδε τε γαῖαν ἀνείρεαι Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.10.c τε γάρ rarely ={καὶ γάρ} or γάρ, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐάν τε γάρ for even if, NT; τήν τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν for I had not known even lust. NT __D Position of τε: __D.1 in signf. A, as an enclitic, it stands second word in the sentence, clause, or phrase, regardless of the meaning: ἐγγύθι τε Πριάμοιο καὶ Ἕκτορος near both Priam and Hector, Refs 8th c.BC+; τοῖς τε πόνοις καὶ μαθήμασι Refs 5th c.BC+: but article + noun, preposition + noun are frequently regarded as forming a unity indivisible by τε, τοῖς κτανοῦσί τε Refs 4th c.BC+; also the order is frequently determined by the meaning, τε being placed immediately after the word (or first word of a phrase or clause) which it joins to what precedes or to what follows, πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε Refs 8th c.BC+; the copulative or preparatory τε precedes many other particles, e.g. τε γάρ, τ᾽ ἄρα, τέ τις. __D.2 τε is enclitic in signfs. B, C also, and stands early in its sentence, clause, or phrase (see. above), but many particles which follow τε in signf. A precede it in signfs. B, C, e.g. in signfs. B, C we have δέ τε, μέν τε, γάρ τε, ἀλλά τε, δ᾽ ἄρα τε, ὅς ῥά τε, οὔτ᾽ ἄρ τε, καὶ γάρ τίς τε, ὅς τίς τε, καί τε. __E Etymology: signf. A is found also in Sanskrit ca, Latin -que; for signfs. B and c cf. Sanskrit ca in yá[hudot] káś ca 'whosoever (with following verb)', Latin -que in quisque, ubique, plerique, usque, neque, nec (= non in necopinans, etc.), Gothic ni-h 'not' (also 'and not'), Latin namque (= nam).

II. אַף conj. denoting addition, especially of something greater, also, yea (so Ph. Aramaic ܐܳܦ, אַף, אוֹף; cf. فَ ). 1. very rare in plain prose (in which גַּם is more usual): Gn 40:16 (with pron., as rather often) I also in my dream, Nu 16:14 Dt 2:11, 20 2 S 20:14 (v. Dr) 2 K 2:14 Est 5:12; more freq. in poetry, especially as introducing emphatically a new thought Dt 33:3, 20, 28 1 S 2:7 ψ 16:6, 7, 9; 18:49; 65:14 they shout for joy, yea, they sing! 68:9, 17; 74:16; 89:28; 93:1 Pr 22:19; 23:28 +; or in more elevated prose style, Lv 26:16, 24, 28, 41; and 25 times in the impassioned rhetoric of Is 2 (40:24–48:15), e.q. 40:24; 41:10, 26; 42:13; 43:7, 19; 46:11 yea, I have spoken, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed, I will also do it! 48:12, 15. Implying something surprising or unexpected, even, indeed Jb 14:3; 15:4. וְאַף and also Lv 26:39, 40, 42, 44 Dt 15:17 Hb 2:15 ψ 68:19 1 Ch 8:32 = 9:38 2 Ch 12:5 Ne 2:18; 13:15; and even Jb 19:4 וְאַף־אָמְנָם שָׁגִיתִי and even indeed (if) I have erred … With הֲ, הַאַף indeed …? really …? †Gn 18:13, 23 wilt thou indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked? v 24 Am 2:11 Jb 34:17; 40:8. In contrast to a preceding thought (expressed or implied) but, nay ψ 44:10; 58:3; cf. Ju 5:29. 2. (Equally in prose and poetry) with ref. to a preceding sentence, yea, à fortiori, the more so (= how much more! after an affirm. clause; = how much less! after a neg. one): †2 S 4:10 f. when one told me, Saul is dead … I took hold of him and slew him … אַף כִּי־אֲנָשִׁים רְשָׁעִים הָרְגוּ וג׳ à fortiori, how much more (should I do so), when wicked men have slain a righteous person, etc.! Ez 14:21 (Ew Hi) 15:5 Pr 21:27 (in all these passages כִּי = when) Jb 4:19. So וְאַף †1 S 23:3 2 K 5:13 … וְאַף כִּי־אָמַר אֵלֶיךָ and the more (= and how much rather), when he hath said to thee, etc. More commonly in this sense strengthened by כִּי (q.v.), v. infr.

Related to: ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο, also κεῖνος (regular in Epic dialect, Ionic dialect (as Refs 5th c.BC+ only where the metre requires,Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; but not in Attic dialect Prose, and in Comedy texts only in mock Trag. passages): Aeolic dialect κῆνος Refs 7th c.BC+: Doric dialect τῆνος Refs 3rd c.BC+: in Comedy texts, strengthened ἐκεινοσί Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκεινοσίν Refs 2nd c.AD+: (ἐκεῖ):—demonstrative pronoun the person there, that person or thing, Refs 8th c.BC+: generally with reference to what has gone immediately before, Refs 5th c.BC+; but when οὗτος and ἐκεῖνος refer to two things before mentioned, ἐκεῖνος, properly belongs to the more remote, in time, place, or thought, οὗτος to the nearer, Refs 5th c.BC+ sometimes = the latter, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἆρ᾽ οὗτός ἐστ᾽ ἐκεῖνος ὅν..; Refs 5th c.BC+: also joined as if one pronoun, τοῦτ᾽ ἐκεῖνο..δέρκομαι Refs 5th c.BC+; κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ at that point of time, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο, à propos, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 to denote wellknown persons, etc., κεῖνος μέγας θεός Refs 8th c.BC+ __2.b ἐκεῖνα the ideal world, Refs __3 for things, of which one cannot remember or must not mention the name, ={ὁ δεῖνα}, so-and-so, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.b in formulae, τεθνάτω καὶ οἱ παῖδες οἱ ἐξ ἐκείνου Refs __4 with simple demonstrative force, Ἶρος ἐκεῖνος ἧσται Irus sits there, Refs 8th c.BC+; νῆες ἐκεῖναι ἐπιπλέουσιν there are ships sailing up, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 in indirect speech where properly the reflexive pronoun αὑτοῦ would stand, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 after a Relat. in apodosi almost pleonastic, Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 in Aeolic dialect and Attic dialect the substantive with ἐκεῖνος properly has the Article (κῆνος ὤνηρ Refs 7th c.BC+ may precede or follow the substantive, ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν στρατείαν ἐ., τὸν ἄνδρ᾽ ἐ., Refs 8th c.BC+; but when this is the case in Prose, ἐκεῖνος follows the substantive, ἡμέρας ἐκείνης Refs 5th c.BC+ __II adverb ἐκείνως in that case, Refs; in that way, Refs 5th c.BC+: Ionic dialect κείνως Refs 5th c.BC+ __III dative feminine ἐκείνῃ as adverb, __III.1 of Place, at that place, in that neighbourhood, Refs 5th c.BC+; κείνῃ (i.e. ὁδῷ) Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.2 of Manner, in that manner, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV with Preps., ἐξ ἐκείνου from that time, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνα in that region, Refs 5th c.BC+afterwards, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare ἐπέκεινα.

† III. [אֵת] n.[m.] a cutting instrument of iron, usually transl. ploughshare—sg. sf. אֵתוֹ 1 S 13:20; pl. אֵתִים 1 S 13:21, אִתִּים Is 2:4 = Mi 4:3; sf. אִתֵּיכֶם Jo 4:10; according to Klo al. also 2 K 6:5 אֶת־הַבַּרְזֶל, i.e. the axe of iron.

† אַף conj. also (BH אַף; Egyptian Aramaic, Palm. אף (S-CPap. Lzb 224); 𝔗 אַף, 𝔗J also אוֹף; Syriac ܐܳܦ );—also, always וְאַף Dn 6:23; Ezr 5:10, 14; 6:5.

πρᾱν-ής, ές, Ionic dialect πρηνής (also in Refs 4th c.BC+, genitive έος, Attic dialect contraction οῦς:—of posture, with the face downwards, lying on the front, falling forwards, opposed to ὕπτιος, πρηνεῖς τε καὶ ὕπτιοι ἔκπεσον ἵππων Refs 8th c.BC+; πρηνέα.. τανύσσας [ἝκτοραRefsheadlong down, NT (perhaps ={πρησθείς} becoming distended); ἐπὶ τὸ πρηνὲς ῥέπειν incline towards pronation, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the arm and hand, with the palm downwards, variant in Refs; opposed to ὕπτιος, Refs 4th c.BC+; of ἀστράγαλοι, ὀρθοὶ πίπτοντες ἢ πρηνεῖς Refs 2nd c.AD+; of seeds, hollow side downwards, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a ship, bottom upwards, implied in Refs 1st c.AD+ __II of parts of animals or man, that part which is uppermost and visible when the animal or man is in the πρανής position (the normal one for a quadruped), the back part, τὰ τετράποδα.. ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις οὐκ ἔ χει τὰς τρίχας, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τοῖς πρανέσι μᾶλλον· οἱ δ᾽ ἄνθρωποι τοὐναντίον ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις μᾶλλον ἢ ἐν τοῖς πρανέσιν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 of leaves and of the hand, the back or 'wrong' side, τὰς ἶνας καὶ τὰς φλέβας ἐν τοῖς π. ἔχουσιν ὥσπερ ἡ χείρ Refs 4th c.BC+ (misunderstood as the opposite by Refs 1st c.AD+ __III of the sides of hills, πρὸς ἄναντες καὶ κατὰ πρανοῦς καὶ πλάγια ἐλαύνειν down hill, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ π., opposed to τὸ ὄρθιον, Refs __III.2 convex, Refs 4th c.BC+